Explanation

• 3 equations of condition are added by an internal hinge in a 3D frame when 2 members meet.
• Formula: The exact number of releases is 3(m' - 1), where m' is the number of connected members.
• Action: It removes 3 rotational connections (bending and twisting moments) but still passes 3 translational forces (pushing, pulling, and sliding forces)
• Result: It reduces the total structural locking count (static indeterminacy) by 3.

Explanation

• The Sand Replacement Method is a field test used to determine the in-situ (field) density of soil.
• It is commonly used for compacted soil and earthwork.
• The method involves excavating a small hole in the soil.
• The volume of the hole is determined using calibrated sand

Explanation

• Plastic formwork: Highly flexible and smooth, making it the best choice for casting complex, intricate ornamental designs.

Additional information:

• Steel formwork: Rigid, heavy, and best for large, flat, repetitive concrete structures.
• Timber formwork: Used for basic, traditional shapes but difficult to carve into fine decorative details.
• Plywood formwork: Creates smooth, flat surfaces but cannot easily form intricate 3D architectural patterns.

Explanation

Joint venture: Two or more companies form a temporary partnership to pool resources and complete a specific job together.

Additional information

• Subcontracting: One main contractor hires another independent company to do a small part of their project
• Tendering: The process where companies submit competitive price offers (bids) to win a construction contract.
• Negotiation: Direct business discussions between an owner and a contractor to agree on project costs and terms without open bidding.

Explanation

• DPC stands for Damp Proof Course.
• It is a water-resistant layer in a building.
• It prevents moisture from rising through walls.
• It is usually provided near plinth level.