Explanation

• Humidity is the measure of the amount of moisture (water vapour) in the air.
• A hygrometer is used to measure relative humidity.
• A psychrometer is an example of a hygrometer.
• Relative humidity tells us the ratio of water vapour present in the air compared with the maximum amount the air can hold at a given temperature.
• Humidity is commonly expressed as a percentage (%).

Last verified on 23-08-2026

Explanation

• Venus comes closest to Earth when it is between Earth and the Sun.

• Minimum distance: about 24 million miles (≈ 38 million km).

• This close approach occurs roughly every 584 days.

Additional Information:

• Mercury can be about 33 million miles away when Venus is on the far side of the Sun.

Last verified on 17-01-2026

Explanation

Given:

• Diameter, $d=19mm=0.019m$
• Length, $L=1.51m$
• Tensile force, $P=150kN=150,000N$
• Modulus of Elasticity, E=200GPa=200×109N/m^2

Formula:

δ=PL/AE​

1. Cross-sectional area:

A=πd^2​/4

A=π(0.019)^2/4 ​=0.0002835 m^2

2. Axial elongation:

δ=150000×1.51/ 0.0002835×200×10^9

$$\delta =0.003994m$$

$$\delta =3.99mm$$

Answer: 3.99mm≈4mm​

Explanation

• Earthquakes generate dynamic/inertial forces in a dam.
• These forces can significantly increase the shear stress within the dam.
• Earthquake loading is therefore considered in the seismic design of dams.

Explanation

• Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid when it is at rest.
• It increases with the depth of water.
• The basic formula is: P = ρgh
• Here, ρ = density of water, g = acceleration due to gravity, and h = depth.
• It is important in the design of dams, tanks, reservoirs, and retaining structures.