Explanation

• Muawiya I
• Reign: 661–680 AD

• Marwan II
• Reign: 744–750 AD

• The Umayyad Caliphate was the first major Islamic dynasty after the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
• It was founded after the end of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661 AD.
• The dynasty ruled a vast empire from Spain to Central Asia.
• It ended in 750 AD after defeat by the Abbasids.

Last verified on 31-05-2026

Explanation

• In 711 AD, Tariq initiated the conquest of Spain
• Leading to the establishment of the Emirate of Cordoba
• He was the Umayyad commander Launched the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
• He led a Berber army across the Strait of Gibraltar
• Defeated the Visigothic King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete
• "Gibraltar" is derived from the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq
• The conquest lasted from 711 to 718 AD

Explanation

• Battle of Yarmouk: Fought between the Byzantine Empire and Muslim forces under Khalid bin Waleed.
• Dates: August 15 to August 20, 636 AD.
• Location: Near the Yarmouk River.
• Caliphate: During the reign of Hazrat Umar (RA).
• Result: Decisive victory for the Muslims, marking the end of Byzantine rule in Syria.

Last verified on 27-04-2026

Explanation

• Muawiya I (RA) became the first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• He assumed power after the period of Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA).
• Umayyad rule: 661 – 750 AD
• First Caliph: Muawiya I (661–680 AD)
• Last Caliph: Marwan II (744–750 AD)
• Birth: 602 AD (Mecca)
• Death: 680 AD (Damascus

Last verified on 27-04-2026

Explanation

• Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan established Damascus (Dimashq) as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• This happened after the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
• Damascus became the political center of the Islamic empire during his rule.
• He ruled from 661–680 AD.

Last verified on 25-04-2026