Explanation

• Dyarchy was introduced under the Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms).

In this system, provincial powers were divided into two parts.

1. Some subjects were controlled by provincial ministers (elected representatives).
2. Other subjects were controlled by Governor and executive officers.

Transferred Subjects (Indian Ministers):

• Education
• Health
• Agriculture
• Local Government

Reserved Subjects (Governor):

• Police
• Finance
• Irrigation
• Law and Order

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• During Lord Curzon (1899–1905), Congress used boycott of British goods as a protest tactic.
• It was part of the broader Swadeshi and anti-partition movement.
• The aim was to weaken British economic control.
• People were encouraged to use local Indian products instead of British goods.
• The boycott movement strengthened Indian nationalism.
• It laid the foundation for later mass movements like Non-Cooperation Movement (1920).

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• After the failure of the Cripps Mission, Congress reacted strongly.
• It launched the Quit India Movement in 1942.
• This was led by Mahatma Gandhi.
• The demand was for immediate British withdrawal from India.
• It became a major mass movement against British rule.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545) introduced major reforms in India.
• He reformed the currency system (coinage system).
• He also improved police, judicial, and military administration.
• His reforms made governance more efficient and organized.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah qualified as a Barrister in 1895.
• He studied law in London at Lincoln’s Inn.
• After qualification, he returned to India to start his legal career.
• He became one of the most successful lawyers in Bombay.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• The Hari Enquiry Committee was formed to review agricultural conditions.
• It recommended abolition of Begar (forced/free labour system).
• Begar meant farmers were forced to work without wages.
• The committee aimed to improve rights of peasants (Haris).
• It was an important step toward agricultural reforms in Sindh.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• Ferghana (Fergana Valley) is located in Central Asia.
• It was ruled by Babur in his early life.
• Babur became ruler of Ferghana at a young age in 1494 AD.
• The region is now part of modern Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
• It later became the starting point of the Mughal Empire expansion.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• This statement was made by Muhammad Ali Jinnah after the Second Round Table Conference (1931).
• He expressed disappointment over Hindu political attitudes toward minorities.
• The conference failed to resolve constitutional issues in India.
• It increased Muslim–Hindu political differences.
• This strengthened Jinnah’s belief in a separate Muslim identity.

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• The British introduced major modern systems in India during their rule.
• They established the telegraph system for fast communication.
• They built the railway network for transport and trade.
• They also influenced society with British values, laws, and norms.
• 1853 → First railway line (Bombay to Thane)
• 1850s → Telegraph system introduced
• 1860s → Postal system expanded

Last verified on 29-04-2026

Explanation

• The civil disobedience movement led by the Congress was suspended under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
• It was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin in 1931.
• Congress agreed to stop the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• In return, political prisoners were released and restrictions were eased.

Last verified on 29-04-2026