Explanation

• Pacta Sunt Servanda is a fundamental principle of international law.
• It means “agreements must be kept.”
• Under this principle, treaties in force are binding on their parties and must be performed in good faith.
• It is codified in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969).

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

About Makkah Joint Defence Agreement 2026

Signing Date: 7 August 2026

Place: Al-Safa Palace, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Signatories: Shehbaz Sharif (Pakistan), Mohammed bin Salman (Saudi Arabia), Recep Tayyip Erdogan

(Turkiye)

The agreement was signed during the Makkah Al-Mukarramah Summit for Joint Defence.

An armed attack on one member will be regarded as an attack on all three.

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Explanation

• Treaty: Treaty of Lisbon
• Signed: 13 December 2007
• Location: Lisbon, Portugal
• Came into Force: 1 December 2009
• Purpose: To reform the institutions and functioning of the European Union

Last verified on 10-07-2026

Explanation

• Signed: 14 May 1955
• Headquarters: Moscow, USSR (now Russia)
• Members: USSR + 7 countries
• Type: Military defense alliance
• Purpose: Counter NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Last verified on 10-06-2026

Explanation

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

• Signed On: 28 June 1919
• Parties Involved: Allied Powers vs Germany
• Purpose: To establish peace and codify terms after World War I
• Key Fact: Primary treaty from the Paris Peace Conference
• Region Affected: Europe

• Imposed war guilt on Germany (Article 231)
• Enforced reparations and military restrictions on Germany
• Laid foundations that later influenced World War II

Last Verified on 13-01-2026

Explanation

• Pakistan and China signed an agreement for the ML-1 railway track in 28 April 2019.
• The agreement aims to upgrade and reconstruct the existing Karachi-Lahore-Peshawar (ML-1) railway track.
• This project is part of the CPEC.

Last verified on 11-05-2026

Explanation

• The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.
• Exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Ended  World War I Between Germany and the Allied Powers.
• Location: Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, France
• Effective: 10 January 1920
• Languages: French and English

Last updated by NA on 27 April 2026

Explanation

• When two countries overcome differences and cooperate, they reach a mutual agreement.
• It means an understanding beneficial to both parties.
• Example: Trade deals, peace treaties, environmental accords.

Last verified on 15-02-2026

Explanation

The “New START Treaty” was a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and the Russia for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.

This treaty entered into force on 5 February 2011.

Additional Information:

“New START” stands for New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

On 5 February 2026, the New START treaty officially expired.

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Explanation

The Treaty of Lausanne was signed on July 24, 1923.

It defined the borders of the modern Turkish state.

It replacing the Treaty of Sèvres.