Explanation

• Came into Force: 16 February 2005

  Adopted: 11 December 1997 (Kyoto, Japan)

• Objective: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

• Parties: 190+ countries

• Linked To: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Last verified on 15-01-2026

Explanation

• Signed On: 28 June 1919
• Parties Involved: Allied Powers vs Germany
• Purpose: To establish peace and codify terms after World War I
• Key Fact: Primary treaty from the Paris Peace Conference
• Region Affected: Europe

• Imposed war guilt on Germany (Article 231)
• Enforced reparations and military restrictions on Germany
• Laid foundations that later influenced World War II

Last Verified on 13-01-2026

Explanation

The Treaty of Sèvres was signed in August 10, 1920.

It was an agreement between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire after World War I.

The treaty aimed to divide Ottoman territories and limit its power.

Additional Details / Facts

It was never fully implemented due to the Turkish War of Independence.

Later replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).

Key loss for the Ottoman Empire included lands in the Middle East and Anatolia.

Explanation

In 2025, A U.S.-brokered peace agreement was reached between Armenia and Azerbaijan, focusing on ending decades of conflict, normalizing ties, and establishing a strategic transit corridor.

This deal was facilitated by President Donald Trump at the White House

Additional Information:

This agreement signed by Armenian PM Nikol Pashinyan and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev

The agreement aims to resolve the long-standing conflict of Nagorno-Karabakh.

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Explanation

• Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
• Entered into force on 1 January 1989

Explanation

NPT stands for Non-Proliferation Treaty

NPT signed: 1968

not a member of the NPT:

• India,
• Israel,
• North Korea,
• Pakistan 
•  South Sudan 

members of the five NPT nuclear-weapon states:

• China
• France
  
• Russia
• the United Kingdom

Languages:

• English
• Russian
  
• French
• Spanish
• Chinese

Parties: 190 (complete list)

Iran threatened to withdraw from the Treaty on the NPT 

Explanation

AUKUS, is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, announced on 15 September 2021 for the Indo-Pacific region.

Under the pact, the US and the UK will help Australia to acquire nuclear-powered submarines.

Explanation

Kyoto Protocol on International Climate Change signed: December 1997

Explanation

The Peace of Westphalia were signed  between May and October 1648

Largely ending the European wars of religion, including the  Thirty Years’ War.

Explanation

The Treaty of Versailles was the primary treaty produced by the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I

The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919

The Treaty of Versailles signed between Allied forces vs Germany

the purpose behind the Treaty of Versailles: Codifying terms between the victorious Allies and Germany after the first world war

ND2-08-2023