Explanation

A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal, circular DNA molecule that is commonly used as a vector in genetic engineering and molecular biology.

Plasmids are capable of replicating independently of the host cell's genome and can carry genes of interest.

It making them useful for gene cloning, expression, and transfer.

Explanation

Restriction enzymes are naturally occurring enzymes used by bacteria as a defense mechanism to protect themselves from viral infections.

These enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at those sites, preventing viral replication.

This defense strategy is known as the restriction-modification system.

Explanation

Fermenters are also known as bioreactors.

They are large containers used to grow microorganisms like bacteria, yeast, or cells on a large scale for various industrial applications, such as:

• Production of biofuels
• Biopharmaceuticals
• Food processing
• Biotechnology research

Explanation

During alcoholic fermentation, yeast converts sugars in the dough into carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

The CO2 produced gets trapped in the dough, causing it to expand and rise.

This process is responsible for the light and airy texture of bread.

Explanation

Lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid through a process called lactic acid fermentation.

It occurs in muscles during intense exercise or in certain microorganisms like Lactobacillus.

Pyruvic acid is a key intermediate in cellular respiration and is converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen.

Explanation

Most living things, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, use oxygen (O2) to produce ATP through cellular respiration.

ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell, and it's essential for various biological processes like muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and biosynthesis.

Explanation

Biotechnology in industry refers to the use of biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to develop new products and processes on a large scale.

This includes the production of alcohol, antibiotics, vaccines, biofuels, and other commodities.

Explanation

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was a global research effort that successfully mapped the entire human genome, identifying all its genes and their sequences.

The project was completed in 2003.

It's findings have revolutionized our understanding of human biology, disease, and treatment.

Explanation

Farmers were the earliest biotechnologists, as they inadvertently manipulated the genetic makeup of crops and livestock through selective breeding and domestication.

This traditional form of biotechnology dates back thousands of years, long before the discovery of DNA and modern genetic engineering techniques.

Explanation

Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification or biotechnology.

It is the artificial manipulation of DNA to alter the genetic code of an organism.

This can involve the transfer of genes from one organism to another, or the alteration of existing genes within an organism.