Explanation

Explanation

When the magnitude of Kc (equilibrium constant) is small, it indicates that the reaction mixture contains mostly reactants, and the forward reaction does not proceed very far.

Explanation

A reversible reaction is a reaction that can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions, and never goes to completion.

It is represented by a double arrow (⇌) between the reactants and products.

For example: A + B ⇌ C + D

Key Point:

• Single arrow (→): Represents an irreversible reaction, where the reaction only proceeds in one direction.

Explanation

Dynamic equilibrium is a state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.

However, this equilibrium can be disturbed by external stresses such as:

• Changes in concentration
• Changes in temperature
• Changes in pressure
• Adding or removing reactants or products

Explanation

Immunization is actually the process of becoming immune to a disease, typically through vaccination.

It is not an effect of misusing antibiotics.

Explanation

Hallucinogens are drugs that alter perception, thought, and mood, often causing:

• Blurred vision
• Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there, like unseen faces)
• Altered mood, including euphoria

Explanation

Vaccination can be administered:

• Before infection (preventive vaccination, the most common scenario)
• After infection (post-exposure prophylaxis, PEP, to prevent severe symptoms or complications)
• During infection (in some cases, to reduce disease severity and transmission, like during an outbreak or pandemic)

Explanation

Sedatives are drugs that slow down normal brain functioning, leading to a calming or tranquilizing effect.

They can reduce anxiety, stress, and even induce sleep.

Examples of sedatives include benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax, Valium), barbiturates, and certain antidepressants.

Explanation

Minerals like gold salts (e.g., auranofin) and platinum compounds (e.g., platinum sulfate) have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

Gold therapy, in particular, has been used for many years to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms.

Explanation

Joseph Lister, also known as Baron Lister of Lyme Regis.

He was a British surgeon and medical scientist who founded antiseptic medicine and was a pioneer in preventive medicine.

Lister is also known as the "father of modern surgery".