Explanation

Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment essential for photosynthesis.

It is found in all photosynthetic organisms except bacteria.

It plays a central role in capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy.

Explanation

Pellicle is a flexible outer covering found in ciliates (like Paramecium) that provides shape and protection.

It is not as rigid as a cell wall and allows movement while maintaining structural integrity.

Explanation

Heterocysts are specialized nitrogen-fixing cells found in some cyanobacteria (e.g., Anabaena).

They provide an anaerobic environment necessary for the enzyme nitrogenase to fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Explanation

Protoplasm includes the plasma membrane and all the contents within it, i.e., the cytoplasm + nucleus.

It is the living part of the cell responsible for all life activities.

Explanation

A gene is the basic unit of biological information, carrying instructions to build proteins and determine traits.

Genes are located on DNA and passed from parents to offspring, guiding heredity and development.

Explanation

An allele is an alternative form of a gene found at the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes.

Alleles determine variations in inherited traits, such as flower color or blood type.

Explanation

The pea plant (Pisum sativum) has 7 pairs of homologous chromosomes, i.e., 14 chromosomes in total.

This was the organism used by Gregor Mendel in his foundational genetics experiments.

Explanation

Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an organism (like eye color, height).

It results from the interaction of the genotype with the environment.

Explanation

Albinism is a recessive genetic trait, so both parents must be carriers (Aa).

The Punnett square for Aa × Aa gives a 25% chance (aa) of having an albino child.

Explanation

STH (Somatotropic Hormone) is also known as Growth Hormone (GH).

It promotes protein synthesis even after the growth phase ends.

It plays a role in tissue maintenance, muscle development, and metabolism throughout life.