Explanation

• The spleen is not part of the digestive tract; it is part of the lymphatic system and helps in blood filtration and immune response.

Additional information:

Main components of human digestive tract:

• Mouth – ingestion and initial digestion
• Oesophagus – food passage
• Stomach – protein digestion
• Small intestine – nutrient absorption
• Large intestine / Colon – water absorption and feces formation

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is produced in the stomach, not the liver.
• The Right lobe, Hepatocyte, Common bile duct are directly associated with the liver.
• The liver is involved in bile production, metabolism, and detoxification.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
• They are the site of cellular respiration, where glucose is converted into ATP (energy).
• Mitochondria have a double membrane and their own DNA and ribosomes.
• They provide energy for all cell activities.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• Filtration is not part of digestion; it occurs mainly in the kidneys for removing waste from blood.

Additional information:

Main functions of the digestive system:

1. Ingestion – taking in food
2. Propulsion – swallowing and peristalsis
3. Mechanical processing – chewing and churning
4. Chemical digestion – breaking down molecules with enzymes
5. Absorption – nutrients absorbed into blood or lymph

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• Chromosomes are thread-like structures inside the nucleus that carry genetic material (DNA).
• They determine an organism’s hereditary traits.
• Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• The diaphragm of a microscope controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.
• In humans, the iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil.

Additional information:

• Eyepiece → Lens of eye (focuses image)
• Stage → Retina (holds specimen/image for observation)
• Light source → Pupil (allows light to enter)
• Objective lens → Cornea & Lens (magnifies object)

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• A set containing no elements is called an empty set
• Also commonly known as a null set or void set
• A set with zero elements
• There are three common notations for the null set: { } , ∅ , ∅ .

Last updated 11-03-2026

Explanation

Lost: گمشدہ / کھویا ہوا

Found: پانا/ملنا

Explanation

• National Assembly Founded in 1947, Karachi.
• National Assembly is the Lower House of Parliament.
• Senate is the Upper house of Parliament.
• Old member 342 now 336.

Last verified on 08-03-2026

Explanation

• Petroleum, Coal, and Natural gas are all fossil fuels. 
• They are non-renewable energy sources 
• Major contributors to global energy production.
• Coal: A solid fossil fuel primarily derived from ancient swamp plants.
• Petroleum (Oil): from the remains of marine microorganisms like plankton.
• Natural gas: Composed of methane, often found in underground deposits alongside petroleum or coal

Last updated on 06-March-2026