Explanation

• DPC stands for Damp Proof Course.
• It is a water-resistant layer in a building.
• It prevents moisture from rising through walls.
• It is usually provided near plinth level.

Explanation

• Catch drain: Built high up on the hill slope to intercept rainwater before it reaches the road.

Additional information 

• Side drain: Located directly at the edge of the pavement to collect water from the road surface
• Cross drain: Structures like culverts that carry water across and underneath the width of the road.
• Valley drain: Channels used to drain low points where two sloping terrains intersect.

Explanation

• Dedicated tracks: Metrobus (Bus Rapid Transit) systems run on their own separate lanes, allowing them to bypass regular road traffic.
• Time savings: This separation results in higher speeds and predictable schedules, significantly shortening commute times for passengers.

Explanation

• Branch lines: These use smaller pipes (under 0.6 m) which clog easily, requiring closer spacing for cleaning tools.

Additional information:

• Standard codes: Civil engineering guidelines recommend spacing between 30 m and 75 m for small pipes, making 50–100 m the best fit.
• Larger pipes: Spacing increases up to 300 m only for very large sewers that humans or heavy machines can enter.

Explanation

Direct Pumping System — Short Points

• Treated water is directly pumped into distribution mains.
• No elevated/high-level reservoir is used.
• Suitable for small water supplies.
• Best for low-population areas.
• Not suitable for large communities due to lack of reserve storage.

Explanation

• Waste stack: The specific term for a vertical main pipe conveying wastewater from sinks, showers, and baths.

Additional information:

• Soil pipe: Carries human waste containing fecal matter from toilets.
• Vent pipe: Conveys air and gases, not liquid waste
• Drain pipe: A generic term for any pipe carrying water away.

Explanation

• Floor trap: Drains wastewater directly from bathroom and shower floors.

Additional information

• Gully trap: Connects external waste pipes to the main buried sewer lines.
• P-trap: Mounts behind walls under fixtures like sinks and toilets.
• Intercepting trap: Blocks public main sewer gases at the building boundary.

Explanation

• Building services: Systems like plumbing, electrical, and HVAC.

Additional information 

• Building construction: Physical assembly of the structure.
• Building planning: Designing layout and space allocation.
• Building finishing: Final aesthetic work like painting.

Explanation

• Manhole: Access chamber for line inspection and cleaning.

Additional information

• Gully trap: Disconnects waste pipes from sewers to block gases.
• Septic tank: Underground chamber for anaerobic wastewater treatment.
• Catch basin: Retains heavy debris and grit from storm runoff

Explanation

•  Standard Limit: The Indian Roads Congress (IRC) limits maximum super-elevation to 7% for plain terrain.
• Ratio: A 7% slope mathematically equals a ratio of 1 in 15.
• Purpose: This prevents slow vehicles from sliding inward.