Explanation

Stone masonry is strong, durable, and well-suited to resist earth pressure in hilly areas.

It also provides good drainage and stability on slopes.

Explanation

Parging is a protective coat applied on concrete or masonry surfaces.

It protects the surface from weathering, moisture, and minor cracks.

Explanation

Sulphate resistant cement has low tricalcium silicate (C₃S) content to reduce heat of hydration.

Low C₃S improves resistance against sulphate attack and increases durability.

Explanation

Pavement quantity may be measured in running meters (R m) for linear works like kerbs.

It is also measured in square meters (Sq m) for surface area and cubic meters (Cu m) for volume, depending on specification.

Explanation

A critical event has zero float, meaning any delay will delay the entire project.

It helps in identifying crucial milestones in project scheduling.

Explanation

A minimum gradient of 1 in 20 ensures adequate flow of wastewater in house drainage.

It prevents stagnation and blockages in the drainage system.

Explanation

A statically indeterminate structure has more unknown forces than can be solved using only equilibrium equations.

Additional compatibility or deformation equations are required to solve such problems.

Explanation

Factor of Safety (FOS) = Ultimate Stress ÷ Working Stress.

It ensures a structure can support loads safely beyond the expected working load.

Explanation

Oxidation of iron in the presence of moisture leads to the formation of iron oxides, known as rust.

Rust weakens the iron and can cause structural deterioration if not protected.

Explanation

As per design standards, the minimum area of reinforcement in a beam shall be greater than:

0.85​×b×d/fy

To better understand, here is the formula:

$A_{s(min)} = frac{0.85}{f_y} , b d$fy

Where:

• As​ = minimum steel area
• $f_y$ = yield strength of steel
• $b$ = width of beam
• $d$ = effective depth