Explanation

The area under the stress-strain curve measures the total energy a material can absorb before fracture.

It combines both strength and ductility of the material.

Toughness = energy absorption before failure.

Explanation

Brittle materials break suddenly under stress with very little plastic deformation.

Examples include glass, ceramics, and cast iron.

Brittleness = fracture with minimal deformation.

Explanation

Modulus of elasticity (Young’s modulus) measures a material’s stiffness under tensile or compressive stress.

It is the ratio of stress applied along the axis to the resulting strain in the same direction.

Modulus of elasticity = Axial stress / Axial strain.

Explanation

Moment of inertia (MOI) depends on the mass of the body, its shape, and the axis of rotation.

Angular velocity affects kinetic energy but does not influence MOI.

MOI is independent of the body’s angular velocity.

Explanation

Newton's first law of motion defines inertia. It states that an object at rest stays at rest,

And an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force.

This tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion is called inertia. 

Explanation

Fatigue strength is improved by surface treatments, cold working, or shot peening, which induce compressive stresses.

Hot working, on the other hand, does not enhance fatigue strength and may even reduce it by softening the surface.

Hot working does not increase fatigue strength.

Explanation

Silica (SiO₂) is a naturally occurring oxide with high melting point and hardness.

It is widely used in glass, ceramics, and refractory applications.

Silica is classified as a ceramic material.

Explanation

Monel metal is highly resistant to corrosion, especially from acids and alkalis, making it suitable for food processing equipment.

Its durability and resistance to wear ensure long-lasting performance in industrial machinery.

Monel is preferred in food machinery due to excellent corrosion resistance.

Explanation

Monel is a corrosion-resistant alloy composed mainly of nickel (≈67%) and copper (≈33%).

It is widely used in marine engineering, chemical plants, and aerospace applications.

Monel = Nickel + Copper alloy known for corrosion resistance.

Explanation

Quartz generates electric charge when mechanical stress is applied due to the piezoelectric effect.

It is widely used in sensors, oscillators, and timing devices.