Explanation

António Guterres, who took office as the 9th Secretary-General of the United Nations

Term: 2017–present (re-elected for a second term beginning Jan 1, 2022)

Country: Portugal

Background: Politician and engineer, born in Lisbon 

He served as Portugal's Prime Minister from 1995 to 2002.

Explanation

• Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook
• It is an online social media and social networking service
• Owned by the American company Meta Platforms
• Founded February 4, 2004
• Headquarters: Menlo Park, California, U.S.
• 
  

Explanation

About SCO Heads of State meeting 2024

Edition: 24th

Venue: Astana, Kazakhstan

Hosted by: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (Kazakh President)

Date: 4 July

New membership: Belarus became full member of SCO during this meeting

Main focus: Combatting terrorism and radicalization

Pakistan was represented by PM Shahbaz Sharif

Additional information:

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an organization comprising of 10 members.

SCO founded in 2001.

Pakistan & India joined SCO in June 2017.

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Explanation

The recent IMF package for Pakistan is a 37-month, $7 billion loan approved in September 2024

Under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF). 

In December 2025, around $1 billion was released under the EFF.

Explanation

Javed Miandad is one of Pakistan’s legendary cricketers.

He played in six consecutive Cricket World Cups from 1975 to 1996.

Additional information 

• Editions: 1975, 1979, 1983, 1987, 1992, 1996.
• Total Matches: 33.
• Total Runs: 1,083.
• Achievement: Member of the 1992 World Cup-winning team. 

Explanation

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine recognized work on peripheral immune tolerance

Awarded jointly to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguch

They identified regulatory T cells (Tregs)—the immune system’s "security guards"—and the FOXP3 gene,

Explanation

Luminosity is the total amount of energy a star emits per second.

It depends on the star’s size and temperature.

Brightness is how bright the star appears from Earth, which can vary with distance.

Magnitude is a scale to measure stellar brightness.

Explanation

Franz Kafka was a German-speaking Bohemian writer.

He is known for his novels and short stories 

Best known for: The Metamorphosis (1915), including The Trial (1925) and The Castle (1926).

Born: 3 July 1883 Prague, Austria-Hungary

Died: 3 June 1924 (aged 40) Klosterneuburg, Austria

Explanation

Brackish water is a mixture of fresh water and salt water

It is most commonly found in estuaries

The salinity in estuaries is higher than freshwater but lower than seawater.

Explanation

The Dul Hasti Stage II hydropower project is built by India on the Chenab River 

Location: Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Approved in December 2025

Capacity: 260 MW.

Developer: NHPC Limited.