Explanation

In chloroplasts, the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.

CO₂ is fixed and converted into sugars in this area.

Thylakoids are the site of light-dependent reactions, not sugar formation.

Stroma contains enzymes needed for carbon fixation.

Explanation

Scientists estimate that 33% of the Earth’s area should be conserved.

This helps maintain biodiversity and ecological balance.

Protected areas include forests, wetlands, and marine zones.

Explanation

Restriction enzymes (also called restriction endonucleases) recognize specific DNA sequences.

These sequences are usually 4–8 base pairs long.

The enzymes cut DNA at or near these recognition sites.

They are widely used in molecular biology and genetic engineering.

Restriction enzymes allow scientists to manipulate DNA for cloning and analysis.

Explanation

Let the total number of boys be$x$.

45% of $x$ participated: $0.45\times x=135$.

Solve for $x$: $x=\frac{135}{0.45}$

$x=300$, so the total number of boys is 300.

Explanation

S-waves are transverse seismic waves.

They cause particles to move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

S-waves cannot pass through liquids or gases because these cannot support shear stress.

They only travel through solids, like the Earth’s crust and mantle.

This property helps scientists study the internal structure of Earth.

Explanation

Original length = 72 cm, stretched length = 90 cm.

Increase in length = 90 − 72 = 18 cm.

Percentage increase = (Increase ÷ Original length) × 100.

Percentage increase = (18 ÷ 72) × 100 = 25%.

Therefore, the rope’s length increased by 25%.

Explanation

Explanation

A software patch is an emergency fix which is worked upon the obsolete version whenever a vulnerability is encountered.

Explanation

Pakistan qualified for the finals of the FIH Hockey Nations Cup

After defeating France in the first semi-final match in Kuala Lumpur.

Most caps: Waseem Ahmad (410)

Top scorer: Sohail Abbas (348)

Current 14 Steady (19 December 2025)

Highest 4 (2000)

Lowest 20 (Jul 2022)

Explanation

Pakistan was granted GSP+ status by the European Union (EU) on January 1, 2014

After the country had ratified 27 international conventions

GSP+ (Generalised Scheme of Preferences Plus) 

 It was approved in late 2013