Explanation

Perspective: Functionalism (Structural-Functionalism)

• Views society as a living organism with interdependent parts (the "organismic analogy")
• Each part functions like an organ to maintain social stability
• Key figures: Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons
• Boas (for contrast): historical particularism — each culture shaped by its own history, not an organism

Last updated 13 August 2026 by NA

Explanation

Franz Boas is regarded as the Father of sociocultural anthropology.

• German-American anthropologist (1858–1942)
• Born: July 9, 1858, Minden, Prussia (Germany)
• Died: December 21, 1942 (aged 84), New York City, U.S.

Additional information 

• Anthropology is the scientific study of human beings.
• It covers all humans across time, including past, present, and future societies.

Explanation

• Religion: Sikhism
• Origin: Named after Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
• Purpose: Used to fix dates for important Sikh holy days and celebrations, such as Gurpurbs.
• Start Year: Year 1 begins with the birth of Guru Nanak in 1469 CE

Last updated 13 August 2026 by NA

Explanation

Chet — 1st month of the Nanakshahi Calendar:

• Start of Sikh New Year (~March 14)
• 31 days (March 14 – April 13)
• Season: Spring
• Next month: Vaisakh

Explanation

Rabi Crop:

• Start: October-December (winter season)
• End: March-May (harvesting season)
• Rabi crops are planted in the winter and harvested in the summer.

Kharif Crop:

• Start: June-July (monsoon season)
• End: September-October (harvesting season)
• Kharif crops are planted in the monsoon season and harvested in the winter.

Pakistan's major agricultural seasons:

Kharif (monsoon) and Rabi (winter).

Last verified on 02-04-2026

Explanation

• The study of relationships between organisms and their environment is called Ecology.
• It helps understand how living things interact with each other and with their surroundings.

Additional information:

• Embryology studies development of embryos.
• Ethology studies animal behavior.
• Entomology studies insects.

Last verified on 16-01-2026

Explanation

• Ushr is typically 10% of the net yield of agricultural produce or other natural resources. (like rain, springs, or rivers) 
• 5% for artificially irrigated land (tube wells, canals).
• 5 Awsuq (roughly 612–750 kg) minimum yield required.

Last updated 13 August 2026 by NA

Explanation

Explanation

• The least stable carbanion is a tertiary carbanion (CH₃)₃C⁻ (3°).
• Alkyl groups push extra electrons toward the negative carbon.
• This intensifies the negative charge, making it highly reactive.
• Stability Order: Methyl > Primary (1°) > Secondary (2°) > Tertiary (3°)

Explanation

• The idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics was presented by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
• He was a French biologist
• When: Early 19th century (proposed in 1809)
• His idea, often called Lamarckism or the theory of use and disuse
• Suggested that physical changes in an organism during its lifetime can be passed on to its children