Explanation

• Punjab: Has the largest number of powerful landowning families, mostly in the south.
• Sindh: Has the largest, most traditional agricultural estates.
• Balochistan & KP: Ruled more by tribal chiefs and leaders rather than traditional landowners.

Explanation

In 2023, goats represented the highest livestock population in Pakistan, with estimated figures between 87 and 95.8 million heads.

Explanation

• Author: Harleigh Bradley Trecker (1911–1986)
• First Publication: 1948
• Revised Edition: 1955 (published by Whiteside)

Explanation

•  An association is a formal, secondary, and voluntary social group deliberately organized by people who share specific goals, interests, or values.
• Deliberate formation: Created on purpose.
• Goal-oriented: Pursues specific objectives.
• Formal structure: Uses strict rules.
• Voluntary membership: Free to join.

Explanation

• Paleolithic = Old Stone Age; people hunted animals and gathered wild plants.
• "Old Stone Age," the earliest and longest human era (roughly 2.6 million years ago to about 10,000 BCE).

Explanation

Sandra Harding

• Developed feminist epistemology; identified three approaches:
• Feminist empiricism (1986, The Science Question in Feminism)
• Standpoint theory (1991, Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?)
• Postmodern feminism (1986, later works)

Additional information

• Simone de Beauvoir — The Second Sex (1949)
• Judith Butler — Gender Trouble (1990)
• Betty Friedan — The Feminine Mystique (1963)

Explanation

• Radical feminism sees patriarchy (male dominance) as the root cause of women's oppression
• Views gender oppression as fundamental, existing beyond class or economic systems

Additional information

• Capitalism — focus of Marxist/socialist feminism
• Globalization / Industrialization — not radical feminism's primary focus

Explanation

• India — the first country to adopt a national family planning programme, launched in 1952.

Additional information

• China — the one-child policy came later, in 1979
• Japan — no early formal national programme
• Pakistan — followed in the 1960s

Explanation

• A dyad is a group of exactly two people — the smallest and least stable social group.

Additional information 

• A triad (three) is more stable, and family/committee are larger structures that persist despite individual members coming and going.

Explanation

• The Chalcolithic Period (also called the Copper Age):
• Marks the transition between the Stone Age and the Bronze Age
• Defined by the simultaneous use of stone and copper tools
• Name comes from the Greek chalcos (copper) and lithos (stone)
• It's the period when humans first began working with metal