Explanation

• The movement of people from rural to urban areas is called rural-to-urban migration, which drives the broader societal process known as urbanization

Additional information 

• Industrialization: Shifting an economy from farming to factory manufacturing.
• Globalization: Countries becoming more connected through trade and culture.
• Modernization: A society updating its technology, culture, and lifestyle.

Explanation

• The transmission of cultural traits from one culture to another is called [cultural diffusion] (or simply diffusion).
• Types of Diffusion
• Direct diffusion: Groups marry, trade, or fight with close neighbors
• Indirect diffusion: Traits move from one group to another through a middle group
• Forced diffusion: One group forces its culture on another group.

Explanation

• George Herbert Mead’s concept of the "I" is most comparable to Sigmund Freud’s concept of the id
• The "I" (Mead):
• The creative and active side of the self
• .Responds to the attitudes of others in a personal way.
• Acts first before thinking about social norms.
• The Id (Freud):
• The dark, hidden part of the personality.
• Driven by basic urges and instant pleasure.
• Ignores social rules and moral laws.

Explanation

• Mosque, school, etc. are examples of non-material culture
• Non-Material Culture (The Concepts)
• Social roles and systems
• Education and religious beliefs
• Values, rules, and traditions
• Material Culture (The Buildings)
• Physical objects and places
• Architecture and design
• Places of worship and classrooms

Explanation

• Term coined: "Cultural lag"
• Who: American sociologist William F. Ogburn
• Date: 1922
• Book: Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature
• Definition: The time it takes for non-material culture (values, laws) to catch up with rapid advances in material culture (technology)

Explanation

• Sociology combines the Latin word socius and the Greek word logos
• Socius (Latin): Companion, friend, or society
• Logos (Greek): Study, science, or reason
• Sociology was coined by Auguste Comte in 1838.

Explanation

• Human Geography: Studies how humans interact with the environment.

Additional information

• Sociology: Studies human behavior in societies.
• Anthropology: Studies human cultures and history.
• Economics: Studies money, resources, and goods.

Explanation

• Depression is classified as a psychological and medical mood disorder
• It disrupts normal work and social life.
• Low mood or ongoing sadness
• Loss of pleasure in hobbies.
• Changes in sleep or weight

Explanation

• The Sapir–Whorf theory relates language most directly to Language, thought, and perception.
• The idea was first expressed explicitly by 19th-century thinkers
• Founders: Wilhelm von Humboldt and Johann Gottfried Herder

Explanation

• The first Women's Studies programme/center was established in 1989 at the University of Karachi.
• It was set up by the Ministry of Women Development, Government of Pakistan.
• The first formal MA classes began in 1996.