Explanation

• The concept of Politics-Administration Dichotomy was given by Woodrow Wilson.
• Woodrow Wilson introduced the idea in his famous 1887 essay, “The Study of Administration.”
• He argued that politics and administration should be treated as separate spheres.
• Politics focuses on policy-making, while administration focuses on policy implementation.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• The Behavioral Approach was a reaction against the Classical Approach, Policy-Administration Dichotomy, and Scientific Management.
• It developed strongly during the 1930s–1950s as scholars focused more on human behavior.
• The approach emphasized human relations, motivation, group behavior, and decision-making.
• It challenged the rigid and mechanical view of traditional administration.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Traditional Public Administration was characterized by bureaucratization, control, and hierarchies.
• It emphasized formal rules, procedures, and bureaucratic structures.
• Hierarchies established clear levels of authority and responsibility.
• Control was maintained through supervision and centralized decision-making.

Last verified 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Correcting and overseeing are functions of Controlling.
• Controlling involves monitoring actual performance against planned standards.
• It identifies deviations or mistakes in performance.
• Corrective action is then taken to achieve organizational goals.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Ecological Public Administration focuses primarily on the environment.
• It studies the relationship between public administration and the surrounding environment.
• The ecological approach emphasizes how social, economic, political, and cultural conditions influence administration.
• It is associated with Fred W. Riggs, who developed the ecological approach to public administration.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Ombudsman is NOT considered a pillar of Public Administration.
• The traditional pillars of the state are Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.
• Legislature makes laws.
• Executive implements laws and manages government administration.
• Judiciary interprets laws and provides justice.
• An Ombudsman is an institution that investigates complaints against maladministration.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• Policy is rarely terminated.
• Public policies are often continued even when governments or circumstances change.
• A policy may be modified, reviewed, or replaced rather than completely terminated.

Additional information:

• Formulation means developing or designing a policy.
• Implementation means putting a policy into practice.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick developed POSDCORB in 1937 as part of their work on public administration.
• POSDCORB represents key functions of administration and management.
• P = Planning
• O = Organizing
• S = Staffing
• D = Directing
• CO = Coordinating
• R = Reporting
• B = Budgeting

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Cooperative Federalism is a system in which the national government sets broader national objectives, while the state/local governments handle the remaining responsibilities.
• It emphasizes cooperation and coordination between different levels of government.
• The federal and state governments work together to achieve common objectives.
• Responsibilities and resources are shared between the levels of government.
• It differs from dual federalism, where federal and state powers are more clearly separated.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• In accounting, an economic event occurs when a transaction is recorded.
• An economic event is a business occurrence that has a financial effect.
• It can change the company’s assets, liabilities, or owner's equity.
• Examples include sales, purchases, payments, and receipts.
• Recording the transaction allows the event to be reflected in the accounting records.

Last verified on 12-08-2026