Explanation

Ichthyology is the study of fish. 

It is a branch of zoology that deals with the biology, taxonomy, behavior, physiology, ecology, and anatomy of various fish species

Additional information:

• Agrostology: Study of Grasses 
• Agronomy: soil management and crop production 
• Odontology: study of teeth 
• Arthrology: Study of joints 
• Nephrology: study of kidneys
• Hematology: Study of blood  
• Dermatology:  Study of skin 

Last updated 17-02-2026

Explanation

The three domains as propounded by Benjamin Bloom are:

1. Cognitive means thought or knowledge.

2. Affective means feelings or choices.

3. Psychomotor means physical skills.

• Bloom and his associates classified educational behavior from simple to complex, based on the level of learning, and developed a taxonomy of learning outcomes.

Explanation

Preparation: To read a lesson before teaching 

Measurement is associating a number with a phenomenon to give it a quantitative value.

Teaching Practice: A teaching practice allows the students to apply their pedagogical knowledge 

Lesson Plan: Teacher’s outline or road map of what students need to learn 

Explanation

Lack of Explicit Evaluation Criteria: There is a significant, documented absence of clear, standardized criteria for evaluating textbooks.

Explanation

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

It is a specialized UN agency operating in Pakistan, not a domestic governmental body.

Additional information:

• HEC (Higher Education Commission) 
• FDE (Federal Directorate of Education) 
• FBISE (Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education) 

Explanation

Edgar Dale conducted extensive research focused primarily on Audio-Visual (AV) Aids 

Dale is best known for developing the "Cone of Experience" (published in Audio-Visual Methods in Teaching, 1946)

Explanation

 Predictive validity refers to the extent to which a test score or measurement can accurately forecast or predict a future outcome, behavior, or performance.

It is a subtype of criterion-related validity,

Explanation

Explanation

 The additional, small, circular, extrachromosomal piece of DNA in a bacterial cell is called a plasmid.

Structure: Small, double-stranded, circular DNA molecules.

Location: Found in the cytoplasm of bacteria (extrachromosomal).

Function: They typically contain non-essential but advantageous genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance.

Last updated 17-02-2026

Explanation

The state of inactivity in animals during summer or dry season is called aestivation (or estivation).

Purpose: To conserve energy and prevent water loss during arid, high-temperature conditions.

Duration: Lasts for the duration of the hot/dry season, ranging from weeks to months, or even years in some cases.