Explanation

 The additional, small, circular, extrachromosomal piece of DNA in a bacterial cell is called a plasmid.

Structure: Small, double-stranded, circular DNA molecules.

Location: Found in the cytoplasm of bacteria (extrachromosomal).

Function: They typically contain non-essential but advantageous genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance.

Last updated 17-02-2026

Explanation

The state of inactivity in animals during summer or dry season is called aestivation (or estivation).

Purpose: To conserve energy and prevent water loss during arid, high-temperature conditions.

Duration: Lasts for the duration of the hot/dry season, ranging from weeks to months, or even years in some cases.

Explanation

Double fertilization occurs in angiosperms like Brassica

Where one sperm fertilizes the egg, and another fuses with the central cell to form endosperm.

Bryophytes and gymnosperms (e.g., pine).

Last updated 17-02-2026

Explanation

Xerosere is a type of succession that occurs in dry or desert areas, starting from bare land

It involves a gradual, staged transition from bare, xeric conditions to a stable, mature, and moisture-retaining climax forest community

Explanation

Explanation

• 2 ATP molecules are consumed in the initial steps
• 4 ATP molecules are produced in the later steps

Explanation

Biogas is produced under anaerobic conditions; the process is denominated as anaerobic digestion.

The major constituent of biogas is methane (55-70%), CO2 (30-45%) and some traces of gases such as H2S and ammonia.

Explanation

A community refers to all the different species living in a specific habitat or area,

interacting with each other and their environment.

It includes plants, animals, microorganisms, and even fungi.

While A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a population.

Explanation

Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds,

It is a type of strong intermolecular force

Where the slightly positive hydrogen of one molecule attracts the slightly negative oxygen of another, creating a "sticky" network that gives water unique properties like surface tension.

Explanation

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are long chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

There are 20 different amino acids that the human body uses to build proteins.

They are essential for various cellular processes, including structure, function, and regulation.