Explanation

• The Lesser Himalaya is a middle mountain range of the Himalayas.

• Its average height ranges from 1,500 to 3,000 metres.

• It lies between the Higher Himalaya and the Siwalik Hills.

• This region has deep valleys and forested mountain slopes.

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

Key Provincial Sex Ratios (2017 Census):

• National Average → 104.91

• Punjab → 103.41

• Khyber Pakhtunkhwa → 102.54

• Sindh → 108.29

• Balochistan → 110.82

• Islamabad (ICT) → 110.68

Population Summary (2017):

• Total Population → ~207.68 million

• Males → ~106.3 million

• Females → ~101.3 million

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

• The 1971 conflict (Pakistan–India war leading to East Pakistan separation) marked the final collapse of unity.

• It resulted in the breakup of united Pakistan into two countries.

• East Pakistan became an independent state after the conflict.

• Political, economic, and social tensions had already weakened unity before 1971.

• The war confirmed the failure of national integration between the two wings.

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

• The most critical issue between East and West Pakistan was economic disparity.

• East Pakistan contributed more to foreign exchange earnings (especially through jute exports).

• Despite this, West Pakistan received a larger share of development funds and resources.

• This created feelings of inequality and political dissatisfaction in East Pakistan.

• Economic imbalance became a major factor leading to tensions between the two wings.

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

• A seaport becomes economically important when it is well connected with international trade routes and global markets.

• Strong connectivity increases import and export activities.

• It attracts trade, investment, and industrial development in nearby areas.

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

• Water losses in canals (through seepage, evaporation, and leakage) significantly reduce effective water availability.

• A large portion of irrigation water is lost before reaching the fields.

• Poor maintenance of canal systems increases water wastage.

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

• Pakistan’s geo-strategic importance comes from its location at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East.

• It provides access to warm waters through the Arabian Sea.

• It connects landlocked Central Asian countries with global trade routes.

• Its location makes it important for regional trade, security, and energy routes.

• Major international projects like CPEC highlight this importance.

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

• The Balochistan Plateau is least suitable for intensive agriculture due to dry climate and low rainfall.

• It has arid (خشک) conditions and limited water resources.

• Soil is mostly rocky and less fertile compared to plains.

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

• Seasonal rainfall in Pakistan is mainly controlled by the monsoon system.

• Monsoon winds bring moist air from the Indian Ocean during summer (July–September).

• These winds cause heavy rainfall in many parts of Pakistan.

• In winter, dry continental winds reduce rainfall.

• This seasonal wind pattern creates variation in rainfall throughout the year.

Last verified on 09-05-2026

Explanation

• Pakistani society is best described as culturally diverse rather than homogeneous.

• It includes multiple ethnic groups, languages, and traditions.

• Major cultural groups include Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns, and Baloch.

• This diversity makes Pakistan a multicultural society.

• Unity exists within diversity through shared national identity.

Last verified on 09-05-2026