Explanation

Under Article 38 of Qanoon-e-Shahadat 1984 / Section 25 Evidence Act, a confession before a police officer is inadmissible in evidence.

This rule prevents coerced or forced confessions from being used against the accused.

Article 38 deals with confession to a police officer.

Explanation

Section 497(1) CrPC provides that a person accused of a non-bailable offence and arrested or detained may be released on bail at the court’s discretion.

Granting of bail depends on the nature of offence and judicial satisfaction, not as a matter of right.

Explanation

Section 310 PPC allows an adult sane wali to compound the right of qisas at any time by accepting badl-i-sulh.

This applies regardless of whether the trial is ongoing or completed.

Explanation

Article 2(2) defines relevancy as a connection between facts under the provisions relating to relevancy in the Order.

Only those facts connected in the manner laid down in the relevancy provisions are admissible as relevant facts.

Explanation

• Immediate Examination: The examination happens at once.
• Oath: The complaint is examined on oath.
• Written Record: The substance of the examination must be reduced to writing.
• Signatures: Signed by the complainant, witnesses (if any), and the Magistrate.

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026

Explanation

As per Section 302(c) PPC 1860, if qisas is not applicable, the offender is punished with imprisonment of either description up to 25 years.

This applies in cases where murder does not fulfill conditions for qisas under Islamic injunctions.

Explanation

Res-judicata (Sec. 11 CPC): applies when a matter has been finally decided between the same parties and cannot be re-litigated.

Res sub-judice (Sec. 10 CPC): applies when a matter is still pending in another competent court, so the later suit must be stayed.

Explanation

Section 393 PPC 1860 provides punishment for an attempt to commit robbery.

The offender may face rigorous imprisonment up to 7 years along with a fine.

Explanation

• As per Section 96(2) CPC 1908, an appeal can be filed against certain types of decrees.
• It specifically allows an appeal against an ex-parte decree (decree passed without hearing the defendant).
• An ex-parte decree is still a valid original civil decree.
• Appeals in civil procedure do not lie in criminal cases under CPC.

Last updated by NS on 16-April-2026

Explanation

Section 201 CrPC states that if a Magistrate not competent to take cognizance receives a written complaint, he must return it with an endorsement for presentation to the proper Court.

This ensures the case is heard by the court having lawful jurisdiction.