Explanation

• Summative assessment is conducted at the end of a course, term, unit, or academic year to measure students' overall learning and achievement.
• It evaluates whether the learning objectives have been successfully achieved.

Common examples of summative assessments:

• Final examinations
• Board examinations
• End-of-term tests
• Final projects
• Annual assessments

Additional information:

• Diagnostic Assessment: In the beginning of learning → identifies prior knowledge, strengths, and weaknesses.
• Formative Assessment: In the middle/during learning → improves teaching and learning through feedback.

Last verified on 04-06-2026

Explanation

• Noble gases like helium, neon, and argon are placed in Group VIII (Group 18 in modern IUPAC numbering).
• They are inert.
• They have a full outer electron shell.
• It making them stable and unreactive.

Last verified on 07-11-2026

Explanation

• All electromagnetic waves (like light, X-rays, and radio waves) travel through a vacuum at the same constant speed.
• It is approximately 3 × 10⁸ meters per second.
• This speed is known as the speed of light in a vacuum.

Last verified on 31-10-2026

Explanation

• A voltmeter measures potential difference (voltage) between two points in a circuit.
• To do this correctly, it must be connected in parallel with the component across which the voltage is to be measured.

Last verified on 28-10-2026

Explanation

• According to Article 49(1) of the Constitution of Pakistan, the Chairman Senate acts as President in the President’s absence.
• The term for members of the Senate is 6 years.
• The minimum age for senators is 30 years.

Additional information:

• Speaker National Assembly as acting Prime Minister of Pakistan in the absence of PM.

Last verified on 14-03-2026

Explanation

• Start a presentation from the current slide: Shift+F5
• Start a presentation from the beginning: F5

Additional information:

• Ctrl + N: Create a new presentation document
• Ctrl + M: Insert a new slide
• Ctrl + S: save a presentation

Last verified on 26-05-2026

Explanation

• The Lahore Resolution was passed on 23 March 1940 at Minto Park, Lahore.
• Presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq
• Prepared text by Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
• It demanded separate states for Muslims of the subcontinent.
• It is also called the Pakistan Resolution.

Additional information:

Key Participants (by region)

1. Punjab → Zafar Ali Khan
2. Sindh → Sir Abdullah Haroon
3. Bengal → A.K. Fazlul Huq
4. KPK → Sardar Aurangzeb Khan
5. United Provinces → Khalid Zaman

Last verified 04-05-2026

Explanation

• The part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering is the Iris.
• It adjusts the size of the pupil according to light intensity.
• In bright light, it reduces light entry; in dim light, it allows more light in.
• This process protects the retina and helps clear vision.

Last verified on 17-05-2026

Explanation

• The modern periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number.
• The atomic number is the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom.
• Elements with similar chemical properties are placed in the same group (vertical column).
• The modern periodic law was established by Henry Moseley.

Last verified on 12-10-2026

Explanation

• An ammeter is specifically designed to measure electric current.
• A multimeter can also measure current, voltage, and resistance.
• Electric current is measured in amperes (A).
• An ammeter is connected in series with the circuit to measure current.

Additional information:

• Voltmeter: Measures voltage.
• Ohmmeter: Measures resistance.

Last verified on 10-10-2026