Explanation

Isotones are elements or isotopes that have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons.

For example, 

14N and 15 O are isotones because they both have 7 neutrons, but different numbers of protons.

Explanation

Explanation

In a zero-order reaction, the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactants. 

The rate of the reaction is equal to the rate constant 𝑘

Explanation

Iodine heptafluoride (IF₇) has a pentagonal bipyramidal structure.

In this geometry, iodine is surrounded by seven fluorine atoms:

• five fluorines are arranged in a plane forming a pentagon,
• and the other two fluorines are positioned above and below this plane,
• forming the axial positions.

This arrangement minimizes electron pair repulsion around the iodine atom.

Explanation

PHRV (Polyhydroxyalkanoates) is a type of biodegradable polymer.

It is produced by microorganisms and can be broken down by natural processes, making it environmentally friendly compared to other polymers.

Explanation

Borazine, also known as borazole, has the chemical formula B₃H₆N₃.

It is a compound that resembles benzene in structure but with alternating boron and nitrogen atoms in the ring, along with hydrogen atoms. 

Explanation

In an isothermal process, the temperature of the system remains constant.

According to the first law of thermodynamics, for an ideal gas, if the temperature is constant, the internal energy does not change.

Therefore, the change in internal energy is zero (ΔU = 0).

Explanation

Internal energy is primarily a function of temperature.

For a given substance, internal energy (U) is related to the temperature of the system, as it reflects the kinetic and potential energy of the molecules.

Explanation

A thermodynamically spontaneous reaction occurs without the need for external energy input under given conditions, meaning it has a negative Gibbs free energy (ΔG < 0).

Explanation

In the complex  [ 𝐹 𝑒 ( 𝑁 𝐻 3 ) 6 ] ^2 + , iron (Fe) is in the +2 oxidation state, meaning it has a  𝑑6 electron configuration.

Ammonia (NH₃) is considered a strong field ligand under Crystal Field Theory (CFT), causing the electrons in the 𝑑-orbitals to pair up due to the large splitting of the 

𝑑-orbitals.

In a strong field environment, the electrons occupy the lower energy  𝑡2𝑔 orbitals first, and all six electrons pair up, leaving no unpaired electrons.

Therefore, the number of unpaired electrons is 0.