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Explanation

• Major decisions in public policy are made by Politicians.
• Politicians are responsible for setting public goals and policy directions.
• Bureaucrats mainly assist in implementing and administering public policies.
• Judges primarily interpret laws and resolve legal disputes.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• New Public Management based on:
• Privatization transfers certain activities or services from government to the private sector.
• Deregulation reduces unnecessary government rules and controls.
• Market orientation promotes competition, efficiency, performance, and customer focus.
• NPM emphasizes applying private-sector management principles to the public sector.

Last updated by NA on 25-08-2026

Explanation

• Capital gain divided by capital gain yield is used to determine the beginning or initial price.
• Capital gain is calculated as Ending Price − Beginning Price.
• Capital gain yield is calculated as Capital Gain ÷ Beginning Price.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

The Rational Model of decision-making considers:

• Economic Values: Looks at financial costs, profits, and resource efficiency.
• Social Values: Weighs how the choice impacts people, employees, and communities.
• Political Values: Considers stakeholder approval, power dynamics, and organizational goals.

Explanation

• Choosing members and assigning responsibilities is done in the Organizing Stage.
• Organizing involves selecting people for different roles and assigning duties and responsibilities.
• It also involves arranging authority, resources, and tasks.

Last verified on 13-06-2026

Explanation

• Max Weber's ideal model of bureaucracy is based on legal-rational authority.
• In this system, authority comes from laws, rules, and formal procedures, not from tradition or personal charisma.
• Officials perform their duties according to established regulations.
• The model emphasizes merit, hierarchy, specialization, and impartiality.

Last verified on 05-08-2026

Explanation

• Absolutism is a form of government in which the government has all-powerful authority with no effective constitutional limitations.
• Power is concentrated in the hands of a single ruler or authority.
• Citizens have limited political power under an absolutist system.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

Civil Services of Pakistan (CSP) is traditionally characterized as a generalist 

• Follows the British colonial tradition
• Officers rotated across diverse administrative roles
• Emphasis on broad administrative skills over narrow technical expertise

Additional information:

• Specialist — officers confined to one technical field
• Technical — recruitment based on technical/engineering expertise
• Judicial — relates to judges, not general civil administration

Explanation

• Public policy is what the government chooses to do or not do.
• It includes decisions, actions, and deliberate inactions taken by the government.
• Public policy addresses public problems and societal needs.
• It may involve laws, regulations, programs, or government decisions.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Public Choice Theory uses economic analysis to study public-sector decision-making.
• Applies economic assumptions (self-interest, rationality, incentives) to political behavior
• Examines voters, politicians, and bureaucrats as rational actors

Additional information

Classical and Bureaucratic theories focus on structure/roles rather than economic analysis as their method.

Last verified on 13-08-2026