Explanation

I'jaz al-Qur'an (Arabic: إعجاز القرآن) is an Islamic philosophical and theological concept that refers to the inimitability of the Quran.

It asserts that the Quran's content, style, linguistic beauty, structure, and depth are so unique and perfect that no human or group of humans can ever produce a text like it.

This quality is considered a form of divine miracle, serving as proof of its divine origin and the authenticity of the prophethood of Muhammad.

Explanation

Musharakah (Arabic: مشاركة, meaning "sharing") is an essential concept in Islamic finance that represents a joint partnership or a joint venture.

It is a structure where all partners contribute capital, and they agree to share both the profits and any potential losses of the enterprise.

The key principles of Musharakah are based on equity and justice:

Profit Sharing: Profits are distributed among partners based on a pre-agreed ratio (which does not necessarily have to match the capital contribution ratio).

Loss Sharing: Losses, however, must be shared strictly in proportion to each partner's capital contribution.

Explanation

Ibn Battuta (1304–1368) was a Moroccan scholar and explorer who is widely recognized as one of the greatest travelers in history.

Over a period of nearly 30 years starting in 1325.

He traveled approximately 75,000 miles (117,000 km).

He covering almost the entire Islamic world (Dar al-Islam) and beyond.

His journeys took him through North Africa, West Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and China.

His accounts were later compiled into a famous travelogue titled the Rihla.

Explanation

Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) was a pioneering North African scholar often referred to as the father of modern sociology, historiography, and economics.

His most famous work, the Al-Muqaddimah (The Introduction).

It was written in 1377 as the preface to his planned history of the world.

Explanation

Umar Ibn al-Khattab (634–644 AD) ruled during the Rashidun Caliphate without any internal civil wars.

His period is known for strong administration, justice, and stability within the Muslim state.

Major internal conflicts like the Ridda Wars occurred during Abu Bakr’s rule, and the First Fitna began in Uthman’s time—not during Umar’s caliphate.

Explanation

Istihsan (Juristic Preference) is a key principle of the Hanafi school, used to avoid hardship or unfair outcomes.

It allows departure from strict Qiyas (analogy) when justice and public interest require it.

Imam Abu Hanifa emphasized istihsan to ensure flexibility and practicality in Islamic law.

Explanation

Wahdat al-Wujud (Arabic: وحدة الوجود) literally means "Unity of Existence" or "Unity of Being".

This is a central philosophical concept in Islamic mysticism (Sufism) which posits a non-dualistic view where all existence is fundamentally one and a manifestation or expression of the Divine, meaning there is no true separation between the Creator (God) and the creation.

The perceived multiplicity of things is seen as different aspects or reflections of the singular ultimate reality, which is God.

Explanation

Paper was first made in Lei-Yang, China by Tsai Lun, a Chinese court official.

The earliest known use of paper money in China dates back to the Tang dynasty.

Tang dynasty lasted from the year 618 to 907 AD.

Explanation

Earth is the densest planet in the solar system, with an average density of 5.52 g/cm³.

Its high density is due to a large iron-nickel core and rocky mantle.

Saturn is the least densest planet in the solar system.

Explanation

The photosphere is the lowest layer of the Sun's atmosphere.

It is the specific part that is visible to the human eye from Earth.

The term literally means "sphere of light," as most of the Sun's visible light is radiated from this layer.

It is important to note that the Sun has no solid surface.

As it is a giant ball of gas (plasma).

So the photosphere serves as its effective visible boundary.