Explanation

• Sadd al-Dhara’i means “blocking the means” to something prohibited.
• It prevents an act that is permissible in itself when it is likely to lead to a prohibited consequence.
• The principle aims to prevent harm and protect the objectives of Shariah.
• It is particularly associated with the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• Hashing is a one-way process that converts data into a fixed-length hash value.
• Encryption converts data into ciphertext that can be reversed (decrypted) using a key.
• Hashing is commonly used for password verification and data integrity.
• Encryption is used to protect confidential information during storage or transmission.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• Battle: Battle of the Zab
• Year: 750 CE / 132 AH
• Opponents: Abbasids vs. Umayyads
• Result: Abbasid victory
• Location: Near the Great Zab River, Iraq

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• Pacta Sunt Servanda is a fundamental principle of international law.
• It means “agreements must be kept.”
• Under this principle, treaties in force are binding on their parties and must be performed in good faith.
• It is codified in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969).

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• The Auditor-General of Pakistan (AGP) is a constitutional authority responsible for auditing the accounts of the Federation and Provinces.
• The office is established under Article 168 of the Constitution of Pakistan.
• The Auditor-General audits government receipts, expenditures, and accounts.
• Audit reports are submitted to the President or Governor, as applicable, for presentation before the relevant legislature.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• Imam Yahya ibn Ma'in (رحمه الله) was a renowned early Hadith scholar and critic of narrators.
• He is closely associated with the development and systematic application of Ilm al-Jarh wa al-Ta'dil.
• This science evaluates the reliability, integrity, and accuracy of Hadith narrators.
• He was one of the leading scholars of Hadith criticism (Naqd al-Hadith) in the 2nd–3rd centuries AH.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• The Network Layer (Layer 3) is responsible for logical addressing and routing.
• It uses IP addresses to identify devices across different networks.
• It determines the best path for packets from source to destination.
• Routers primarily operate at this layer.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• The Indian Councils Act 1909, also called the Morley-Minto Reforms, introduced separate electorates for Muslims.

Additional information:

• Date of introduction: 12 March 1909
• Total members in Central Legislative Council: 60
• Muslim reserved seats: 5
• 27 members were to be elected from different constituencies.
• Nehru Report (28 August 1928) rejected the demand for separate electorate.

Last verified on 07-03-2026

Explanation

• The Doppler Effect is the change in the observed frequency of sound due to the relative motion between the source and the observer.
• If the source and observer move toward each other, the observed frequency increases.
• If they move away from each other, the observed frequency decreases.
• A common example is the changing pitch of an ambulance siren as it passes by.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• The 18th Constitutional Amendment omitted the Concurrent Legislative List.
• It was passed by Parliament in April 2010.
• The amendment transferred many legislative powers from the Federal Government to the Provinces.
• It strengthened provincial autonomy under the Constitution.
• President who gave assent: Asif Ali Zardari
• The Concurrent Legislative List was removed from the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution.

Last verified on 02-08-2026