Explanation

• “Crypto Winter” refers to a prolonged period of falling cryptocurrency prices.
• During this time, market values drop sharply, and investor confidence is low.

• Examples: 2018 crypto crash after Bitcoin’s 2017 peak.
• Term is similar to a “bear market” in traditional finance.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• Bal-e-Jibreel is a famous work by Allama Iqbal, originally in Urdu.
• Its Punjabi translation, titled “Jibreel di Udari”, was done by Aseer Abid.
• Published by the Iqbal Academy Pakistan in 1995.
• Includes ghazals, poems, and rubaiyat, keeping Iqbal’s original themes of love and philosophy.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• During the 1980s, multiple cotton varieties including MNH‑93, NIAB‑78, and S‑12 were developed to improve yield and fiber quality.
• These varieties contributed to modern cotton cultivation in Pakistan.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is an oilseed crop known for high oil content.
• Oil is extracted from sesame seeds for cooking and industrial use.
• The oil content is approximately 54% of the seed weight.
• Rich in unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants.
• Major producers include India, China, Myanmar, and Pakistan.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• Fine rice (Basmati) requires a low seed rate to ensure proper tillering.
• Recommended seed rate for fine rice is 15 kg per hectare.
• Lower seed rate improves plant spacing and grain quality.
• Used mainly for nursery raising before transplanting.
• Excess seed rate reduces yield and grain quality.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• The endosperm is the main storage tissue in maize seeds.
• It containing nutrients like starch, proteins, and oils.
• It support the growth of the embryo during germination.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• Brainstorming is a widely used technique to generate creative ideas and solutions by encouraging free thinking without immediate judgment.
• It helps individuals or groups explore multiple possibilities quickly, fostering innovation and originality.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• Herbicides kill weeds by disrupting vital plant processes.
• Protein synthesis inhibition stops the formation of essential amino acids.
• Glyphosate inhibits the EPSP synthase enzyme.
• This blocks synthesis of aromatic amino acids, stopping plant growth.
• Widely used as a systemic, non-selective herbicide.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• The vertical movement of water in soil is called capillary rise or soil water movement.
• The first scientific study on this was conducted by Henry Darcy in the mid-19th century.
• Darcy’s work led to the Darcy’s Law, a fundamental principle in hydrology and soil physics.

Additional information:

• Darcy’s Law: Q = K × A × (Δh / L) (Flow rate formula through soil).

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• The first process in a petroleum refinery is Distillation.
• It is also known as Fractional Distillation.
• This process separates crude oil into various fractions or types of hydrocarbons, based on their boiling points and molecular weights.

Additional information:

The processes in a petroleum refinery:

1. Cracking
2. Reforming
3. Isomerization
4. Hydrotreating
5. Hydrocracking
6. Catalytic Cracking
7. Alkylation

Last verified on 22-01-2026