Explanation

• Humidity means the amount of water vapor in air.
• It is measured using a psychrometer.
• A psychrometer has two thermometers: dry bulb and wet bulb.

Additional information:

• A psychrometer is a type of hygrometer.
• It helps in weather forecasting and climate studies.

Last verified on 12-02-2026

Explanation

• Wheat (Triticum aestivum) belongs to the grass family (Poaceae).
• Its flower arrangement (inflorescence) is called a spike.
• In a spike, the spikelets are attached directly to the main axis without stalks.

Last verified on 12-02-2026

Explanation

• Amino acids are building blocks of proteins. 
• Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body.
• Essential amino acids must be obtained from diet. 
• Essential amino acids: Lysine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Phenylalanine, Histidine
• Glutamine is non-essential because the body can produce it.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• L-113, PR-100, and BL-4 are improved varieties of cotton.
• They developed for higher yield and better fiber quality. 
• Cotton is a major cash crop in Pakistan.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• The Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) is a serious pest of stored grains.
• It causing damage to cereals like rice, wheat, barley, and sorghum.
• It is highly destructive and difficult to control.

Additional information:

• Khapra beetle prefers dry, stored grains and can survive long without food.
• Control methods include fumigation, proper storage, and cleaning silos.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed.
• They are mainly made of proteins.
• They are highly specific to their reactions.

Additional information:

• Some enzymes require cofactors like vitamins or metal ions to function.
• Examples: Amylase (breaks starch), Lipase (breaks fats), Protease (breaks proteins).

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• The process of removing excess sodium from saline or alkaline soils to improve fertility is called desodication.
• It helps make the soil suitable for agriculture by reducing soil alkalinity.
• Methods include gypsum application and leaching with good quality water.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Plants that have soft, green, non-woody stems and do not develop hard wood are called herbaceous plants.
• These plants usually live for one or a few years and include many vegetables, flowers, and grasses.
• Examples: Wheat, Sunflower, Spinach, Rose (herbaceous part), Marigold

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Some plants develop swollen underground stems to store food and ensure asexual propagation.
• These structures are known as tubers.
• It help the plant survive unfavorable conditions.

Additional information:

• Potato → most common tuber crop
• Yam → tropical tuber crop

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Tomato is a widely grown vegetable with many improved varieties for yield, taste, and disease resistance.
• Money Maker, Roma, and Red Top are some popular tomato varieties.

Additional information:

• Scientific name → Solanum lycopersicum
• Grown in Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
• Harvest period → 70–90 days from transplanting
• Nutritional value → rich in vitamin C and lycopene

Last verified on 11-02-2026