Explanation

• Nitrobacter bacteria convert nitrite (NO₂⁻) into nitrate (NO₃⁻) in the soil.
• This is the second step of the nitrification process, which is important for plant nutrition.
• Nitrite is toxic to plants, but nitrate is easily absorbed as a nutrient.

Last verified on 22-01-2026

Explanation

• Mixed cropping is the practice of growing multiple crops together on the same field at the same time.
• There is no distinct row pattern; crops are intermixed randomly.

Additional information:

• Mixed cropping reduces economic risk if one crop fails.
• Encourages biodiversity and soil protection.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Mono cropping is the practice of cultivating the same crop repeatedly on the same field.
• Common in regions where a single crop is highly profitable.

Additional information:

• Mono cropping may require higher fertilizer and pesticide use.
• Crop rotation is the recommended alternative to maintain soil health.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• The seed coat protects the embryo inside the seed.
• The outermost layer of the seed coat is called Testa.
• It acts as a barrier against mechanical damage, pathogens, and water loss.

Additional information:

• Testa may have hair, wax, or spines in some seeds.
• Plays a role in seed dormancy and protection.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• HEIS refers to irrigation systems that maximize water use efficiency.
• Drip and sprinkler systems deliver water directly to the root zone.

Additional information:

• HEIS improves crop yield due to precise water and nutrient application.
• Helps in conserving water in water-scarce regions.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Hydroponics is a soilless cultivation system where plants grow in nutrient-rich water.
• Water and fertilizers are supplied directly to roots.

Additional information:

• Hydroponics reduces soil-borne diseases.
• Can be set up indoors or in areas with poor soil.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Coriander is grown for its leaves and seeds used in flavoring food.
• Belongs to the condiment/spice category.

Additional information:

• Coriander seeds are rich in essential oils and aromatic compounds.
• Used in pickles, curries, and medicinal purposes.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Drip irrigation supplies water directly to plant roots.
• It minimizes water loss through evaporation and runoff.

Additional information:

• Drip irrigation reduces weed growth.
• It is ideal for orchards, vegetables, and cash crops.

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Guard-101 and Guard-102 are the latest approved rice varieties in Pakistan.
• Both varieties are high-yielding and suitable for local cultivation conditions.

Additional information:

• Basmati Pak: An older approved aromatic rice variety
• Approval body: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC)

Last verified on 25-01-2026

Explanation

• Punjab Seed Council is responsible for approving new seed varieties in Punjab.
• It ensures that only tested and certified seeds are released to farmers.

Additional information:

• Function: Promotes high-yield, disease-resistant seeds

Last verified on 25-01-2026