Explanation

• The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) flourished around 2500 BC in South Asia.
• Major cities include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira.
• It developed advanced town planning, drainage systems, and trade networks.
• The civilization declined around 1900 BC.
• Early development: 3300 BC (Early Harappan phase).

Last verified on 08-06-2026

Explanation

• The Vale of Peshawar was the central region of the ancient Gandhara Civilization.
• Gandhara flourished from 6th century BCE to 11th century CE.
• Its main cities included Taxila and Pushkalavati (near Peshawar).
• It was famous for Buddhist art and learning centers.
• It connected South Asia with Central Asia through trade routes.

Last verified on 01-05-2026

Explanation

Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC)

• Also known as the Indus Civilisation.
• A Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia.
• Existed from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE.
• Reached its mature phase between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE.

Last verified on 30-04-2026

Explanation

• Mohenjo-daro was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
• It is one of the most important sites of the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The city dates back to around 2500 BC.
• It shows advanced urban planning and drainage systems.
• It is located in Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan.
• Discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerji.

Last verified on 26-04-2026

Explanation

• The Gandhara civilization was located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
• It is particularly in the region around Taxila and Peshawar.
• It was a major center of Buddhist culture.
• It is art from around the 6th century BCE to the 11th century CE.

Last verified on 30-03-2026