Explanation

• Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan established Damascus (Dimashq) as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• This happened after the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.
• Damascus became the political center of the Islamic empire during his rule.
• He ruled from 661–680 AD.

Last verified on 25-04-2026

Explanation

• The conqueror of Spain was Tariq ibn Ziyad.
• He led the Muslim army in 711 AD and began the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
• He defeated the Visigothic ruler King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete.
• His landing place is famously known as Jabal al-Tariq (Gibraltar).

Last verified on 25-04-2026

Explanation

• Imad al-Din Zangi was a famous ruler of the 12th century.
• He was the founder of the Zengid dynasty and a strong military commander.
• He played an important role in fighting the Crusaders.
• He is best known as a great General.

Last verified on 25-04-2026

Explanation

• Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was a just ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• He ruled from 717 to 720 A.D.
• He died in 720 A.D (101 A.H) at the age of 39 years.
• Known as the 5th Rightly Guided Caliph due to his justice and reforms.

Last verified on 02-04-2026

Explanation

The Abbasid overthrew the Umayyad dynasty in 750 CE, supporting the Mawali, or non-Arab Muslims, by moving the capital to Baghdad in 762 CE. 

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Remember Tips

یاد کرنے کے لیے

1. Rashidin -30 years
2. Umayyad -100 years
3. Abbasid - 500 years
4. Ottoman Empire - 600 years