Explanation

• In forensic science, Chromatography is commonly used for identifying poisons, drugs, and other chemicals.
• It is a laboratory technique used to separate, identify, and analyze different substances in a mixture.
• It can help detect toxic substances in blood, urine, and other biological samples.

Last verified on 09-08-2026

Explanation

• A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid solution by determining hydrogen-ion activity.
• Glass electrode: Senses hydrogen ions in the liquid.
• Reference electrode: Provides a stable electrical voltage.
• Meter display: Converts the voltage difference into a clear pH number

Explanation

• Gravimetric analysis is a quantitative analytical method.
• It determines the amount of an analyte by measuring its mass.
• The measured mass is used to calculate the amount of the original substance.

Explanation

Filtration separates solid particles from a liquid or gas based on particle size.

• A porous material (filter) allows fluid and small particles through
• The liquid that passes through is called the filtrate
• The solid left behind on the filter is called the residue
• It works only when the solid particles are larger than the filter's pores

Examples:

• Coffee filter separating grounds from liquid coffee

Explanation

• Based on differences in boiling points
• Lower-boiling-point liquid vaporizes first
• Vapor is collected and condensed back into a liquid
• Higher-boiling-point liquids remain behind
• Used to separate and purify liquid mixtures (e.g., water and ethanol)