Explanation

• B.F. Skinner developed Operant Conditioning, a theory where behavior is shaped by rewards (reinforcements) or punishments.
• He conducted experiments using a "Skinner box" to demonstrate this process.

Last verified on 13-11-2026

Explanation

• Vygotsky introduced terms like MKO (More Knowledgeable Other), ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development), and later influenced the concept of scaffolding.
• These terms highlight the role of social interaction and guided learning in a child's cognitive development.

Last verified on 13-11-2026

Explanation

• According to Jean Piaget, children in the preoperational stage (2–7 years) show symbolic thinking and egocentrism.
• They use symbols, imagination, and pretend play.

Additional information:

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:

• Sensorimotor (0–2 years) – object permanence develops
• Concrete operational (7–11 years) – logical thinking on concrete objects
• Formal operational (11+ years) – abstract and hypothetical thinking
• Post-formal (adult thinking – advanced reasoning in some theories)

Last verified on 13-04-2026

Explanation

• Performance-based assessment evaluates students’ actual skills and abilities.
• It focuses on doing tasks rather than memorizing facts.
• Students demonstrate learning through real activities or projects.
• It measures application, creativity, and problem-solving.

Last verified on 03-06-2026

Explanation

• The concept of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) was introduced by Lev Vygotsky.
• He developed this idea in the late 1920s to explain how children learn with guidance.
• ZPD means the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with help.
• Learning is most effective when support (scaffolding) is provided within this zone.

Last verified on 09-06-2026