Explanation

• Came into Force: 16 February 2005

  Adopted: 11 December 1997 (Kyoto, Japan)

• Objective: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

• Parties: 190+ countries

• Linked To: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Last verified on 15-01-2026

Explanation

• Members: USA, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan.
• Official name: Quad Regional Support for Afghanistan–Peace Process and Post Settlement.
• Announcement: July 15–16, 2021.
• Main goal: Enhance regional connectivity and expand trade and transit links.

Last verified on 29-09-2026

Explanation

The 2026 Greenland security agreement was signed by the United States, Denmark, and Greenland.

The trilateral agreement was officially formalized on September 22, 2026, on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, USA. 

It was signed by U.S. President Donald Trump, Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen, and Greenlandic Prime Minister Jens-Frederik Nielsen.

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Explanation

• Pacta Sunt Servanda is a fundamental principle of international law.
• It means “agreements must be kept.”
• Under this principle, treaties in force are binding on their parties and must be performed in good faith.
• It is codified in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969).

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

About Makkah Joint Defence Agreement 2026

Signing Date: 7 August 2026

Place: Al-Safa Palace, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Signatories: Shehbaz Sharif (Pakistan), Mohammed bin Salman (Saudi Arabia), Recep Tayyip Erdogan

(Turkiye)

The agreement was signed during the Makkah Al-Mukarramah Summit for Joint Defence.

An armed attack on one member will be regarded as an attack on all three.

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