Raw milk may contain harmful bacteria and germs.

Boiling milk uses high temperature to destroy these microorganisms.

This process makes milk safe for drinking.

Boiling does not change color intentionally.

The main purpose is health protection, not cooling or reducing quantity.

Last updated 05-03-2026

Pulmonary edema causes fluid in the lungs, leading to impaired breathing and low oxygen levels.

In emergencies, assessment follows the ABC principle (Airway, Breathing, Circulation).

Airway and breathing must be ensured first to prevent hypoxia and respiratory failure.

Circulation (blood pressure, heart rate) is critical in a patient with heart failure.

Skin integrity, electrolytes, and urine output are important, but they are secondary priorities after stabilizing ABCs.

Last updated question 28 feb 2026

Lattice energy cannot be measured directly.

Born–Haber cycle applies Hess’s law.

It breaks lattice formation into measurable steps.

Uses enthalpy changes like ionization energy and electron affinity.

Hence, lattice energy is calculated indirectly.

Last updated question 25 feb 2026

Water and blood flow in opposite directions.

This is called the countercurrent mechanism.

It maintains a constant oxygen concentration gradient.

Blood always contacts water with higher O₂ level.

This ensures maximum oxygen absorption in fish gills.