Explanation

Irritation or stimulation triggers a response in organisms.

It leading to movement as they react to the changes in their environment.

Explanation

The gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males) are the target organs for both:

• FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone): stimulates follicular growth and maturation in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes.
• LH (Luteinizing Hormone): triggers ovulation in the ovaries and testosterone production in the testes.

Explanation

Sensory hair cells are specialized cells in the cochlea, the spiral-shaped organ of hearing in the inner ear.

These hair cells convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain, allowing us to hear.

Explanation

"Kitab-ul-manazir", also known as the "Book of Optics".

It is a seven-volume treatise on optics composed by the medieval Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen or Alhacen, 965–c. 1040 AD).

Explanation

Color blindness, specifically red-green color blindness.

It is a condition where a person has difficulty perceiving certain colors, particularly red and green.

Explanation

Vitamin A is essential for proper vision, particularly in low light conditions.

It plays a critical role in the functioning of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.

Explanation

Accommodation is the automatic process by which the eye adjusts its focus to form a sharper image of a near object.

This is achieved by changing the shape of the lens, making it more convex to increase its power and converge light rays more strongly.

Explanation

Plants exhibit chemical coordination, also known as hormonal coordination, which involves the use of plant hormones or phytohormones to coordinate activities such as:

• Cell growth and differentiation
• Root and stem elongation
• Leaf senescence
• Flowering and fruiting
• Response to environmental stimuli

Explanation

A reflex action is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus.

The simplest reflex arc involves only two neurons:

1. Sensory neuron (afferent): carries information from the receptor to the spinal cord
2. Motor neuron (efferent): carries the response from the spinal cord to the effector (muscle or gland)

Key Point:

The longest reflex pathway involves multiple neurons.

It is called a "long reflex" or " polysynaptic reflex".

Explanation

The autonomic nervous system (ANS), also known as the visceral nervous system.

It regulates involuntary vital functions essential for survival, such as:

• Heart rate
• Blood pressure
• Respiration
• Digestion
• Body temperature
• Pupil dilation and constriction