Explanation

• Ladybird beetle (Coccinellidae) → feeds on aphids, mites, and small soft-bodied insects.
• Organic farmers rely on natural predators to reduce pest damage.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Tobacco is a crop grown in specific seasons depending on temperature and rainfall.
• In Pakistan, it is cultivated as a Zaid–Rabi crop, meaning it is sown in the Zaid season and harvested in Rabi season.

Additional information:

• Major producing areas → Punjab, Sindh
• Soil preference → well-drained sandy loam
• Uses → cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Organic farming is a method of growing crops without synthetic chemicals or genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
• It emphasizes sustainability, human health, and environmental protection.
• It relies on natural fertilizers, crop rotation, and biological pest control.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• The White Revolution was launched to make India and Pakistan self-sufficient in milk.
• It involved cross-breeding cows, improving dairy infrastructure, and cooperative milk societies.

Additional information:

• Green Revolution → wheat and rice production
• Blue Revolution → fisheries

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• In Punjab, Jatti khatti (Rough lemon) is the most commonly used citrus rootstock.
• It is highly compatible with Kinnow mandarin, which makes up over 70% of citrus production in the region.
• Preferred for high vigor, drought tolerance, and adaptability to sandy and clay soils.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) = total capacity of soil to hold exchangeable cations like Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺.
• High CEC soils → fertile, can retain nutrients longer.
• Low CEC soils → nutrients leach easily, less fertile.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• In irrigation planning, it’s important to know the area that can actually be supplied with water by a system.
• This area is called the command area and determines the scope of irrigation projects.

Additional information:

• Gross command area → total area under an irrigation project
• Net command area → actual cultivable area irrigated
• Cultivable command area → portion suitable for cultivation

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Flax is an important agricultural crop grown for fibres and seeds.
• It is primarily used for linen production and oil extraction from seeds.
• It is cultivated in cool climates with well-drained soil.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) is a global research organization.
• Headquarters of ICRISAT is in Hyderabad, India.
• Founded in 1972, it aims to improve agriculture in dry tropics worldwide.
• Works on crop improvement, sustainable agriculture, and food security.

Last verified on 11-02-2026

Explanation

• Vernalization is the process of exposing seeds or plants to cold to induce flowering.
• It is crucial for winter crops like wheat, barley, and some fruit trees.

Additional information:

• Photoperiodism → flowering triggered by day length
• Stratification → cold treatment of seeds to break dormancy
• Dormancy → temporary growth halt
• Chilling requirement → specific hours of low temperature needed

Last verified on 11-02-2026