Explanation

• The first ISS module was launched in 1998
• Module Name: Zarya (meaning "sunrise" in Russian).
• Launched on November 20, 1998
• Launch Vehicle: Russian Proton rocket.
• Launch Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
• Built by a partnership of 15 nations, including NASA (the United States)

Explanation

 Slide Master View

• Used to edit global layouts, fonts, and backgrounds across all slides
• Changes apply uniformly to the entire presentation

Additional information:

• Normal View – edits individual slides one at a time; no global changes.
• Reading View – for viewing/reviewing only; not editable.
• Slide Sorter View – rearranges slide order; no editing of content or layouts.

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• XLOOKUP replaces VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP.
• Works both horizontally and vertically
• Direct return range — no column number
• Built-in "not found" option
• No need for sorted data

Additional information:

• SUM and AVERAGE — These are aggregation functions, unrelated to lookups.
• COUNT and COUNTA — These count cells; not replaced by XLOOKUP.
• IF and AND — Logical functions, not lookup functions.

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) uses Port 443 for secure communication
• It protects sensitive information like passwords, credit card numbers, and personal data from being stolen or read by attackers

Additional information

• Port 80 — standard HTTP (unencrypted web traffic)
• Port 21 — FTP (file transfer)
• Port 25 — SMTP (email sending)

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• Win + R opens the Run dialog box in Windows.
• It allows users to quickly open programs, folders, files, and system tools by typing commands

Additional Information:

• cmd: Opens the Command Prompt.
• notepad: Opens Notepad.
• msconfig: Opens System Configuration.
• control: Opens the Control Panel

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• 1 Petabyte (PB) is equivalent to 1,024 Terabytes (TB) in binary measurement and 1,000 Terabytes (TB) in decimal measurement
• Binary (Base-2, used by operating systems):
• 1 PB = 1,024 TB
• 1,048,576 GB (1,024 × 1,024 GB)
• Decimal (Base-10, used by storage manufacturers):
• 1 PB = 1,000 TB
• 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes (10¹⁵ bytes) 

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• The primary function of a Subnet Mask in IPv4 networking is to distinguish the Network ID from the host ID
•  It splits the 32-bit IPv4 address into two distinct parts.
• Uses bitwise AND with the IP address to separate the network and host portions
• Not for: MAC addressing (ARP), encryption (IPsec/TLS), auto-assignment (DHCP)

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• The formula =COUNTA(A1:A5) counts Non-empty cells (text & numbers).
• The function counts cells containing any type of data, including:
• Numbers
• Text or letters
• Logical values (TRUE or FALSE)
• Error values (like #N/A or #REF!)
• Empty text strings (such as "" returned by a formula)

Additional information:

• COUNT counts only cells with numbers
• COUNTIF/COUNTIFS count cells meeting specific criteria
• COUNTBLANK counts empty cells

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

• Cache Memory — the buffer between CPU and RAM.

  • Stores frequently used data for quick CPU access
  • Faster but smaller than RAM
  • Falls between the CPU and main memory
  • Has levels (L1, L2, L3) — L1 is fastest/closest to CPU
  • Reduces memory access time, boosting performance

Additional information:

• RAM = the main memory itself
• ROM = read-only, holds firmware (BIOS)
• SRAM = a type used to build cache, not the buffer itself

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA

Explanation

•  SFC /scannow — it scans and repairs corrupted Windows system files.

Additional information:

• CHKDSK: checks disks for errors, not system files
• DISKPART: manages disk partitions
• TASKLIST: lists running processes

Last updated 07-09-2026 by NA