Explanation

F5: Starts the slideshow from the beginning.

Shift+F5: Starts the slideshow from the current slide.

Alt+F5: Starts the presentation in Presenter View. 

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

• DOS stands for Disk Operating System.
• It is an early type of computer operating system used to manage files and programs.
• It works through text-based commands (command line).
• A famous example is MS-DOS used in early PCs. 
• Dennis Ritchie is the father of MS-DOS.
• It was developed in 1982.

Last verified on 19-04-2026

Explanation

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model has seven layers

1. Layer 7: Application Layer – User interface and network applications (e.g., HTTP, FTP).
2. Layer 6: Presentation Layer – Data formatting, encryption, and compression.
3. Layer 5: Session Layer – Managing sessions between applications.
4. Layer 4: Transport Layer – End-to-end connections, flow control, and segmentation (e.g., TCP, UDP).
5. Layer 3: Network Layer – Logical addressing and routing (e.g., IP).
6. Layer 2: Data Link Layer – Physical addressing (MAC addresses) and error detection.
7. Layer 1: Physical Layer – Raw data transmission over physical media (cables, radio waves)

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

• Pressing F2 allows you to edit the contents or formula of the current cell in MS Excel.

Additional information:

• F4: Repeat last action / toggle absolute and relative references
• CTRL + 1: Opens Format Cells dialog
• CTRL + F: Opens Find dialog
• Works in: Excel 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019, 365

Last verified on 12-03-2026

Explanation

In Microsoft PowerPoint 2016, a slide-title master pair consists of a specific

Slide Master (which controls the default layout, fonts, and colors for all slides)

Title Master (which specifically defines the layout for the presentation's title slide).

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

• MS Excel 2016 can perform calculations using formulas like SUM, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• However, a formula referring to a non-existent range or name will produce an error.

Additional information:

• =SUM(Sales)-A3: ❌ Produces an error if ‘Sales’ is not a defined range or named range.
• *=SUM(A1:A5)0.5: ✅ Multiplies the sum of A1:A5 by 0.5.
• =SUM(A1:A5)/(10-10): ✅ Produces #DIV/0! error (division by zero) but Excel can calculate it.
• =SUM(A1:A5)-10: ✅ Subtracts 10 from the sum of A1:A5.

Last verified on 07-03-2026

Explanation

• The MOD function in Excel returns the remainder after division of one number by another.
  • Syntax: =MOD(Number, Divisor)
  • Example: =MOD(10, 3) → Result = 1 (10 ÷ 3 leaves remainder 1)

Last verified on 07-03-2026

Explanation

An absolute cell reference is a cell address that contains a dollar sign ($) in the row or column coordinate, or both.

A dollar symbol ($) is used before the coordinates to correct them.

For instance, $D$2 is an absolute reference to cell D2

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

• SMTP is the standard protocol used to send emails across the internet.
• SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.

Last verified on 16-02-2036

Explanation

A gateway is the primary network device designed to connect two or more networks

Use different, incompatible, or disparate protocols.

Acting as a protocol converter or "translator," 

It acts as a translator between systems so they can communicate effectively.

Last updated 15-feb-2026