Explanation

• Policy is rarely terminated.
• Public policies are often continued even when governments or circumstances change.
• A policy may be modified, reviewed, or replaced rather than completely terminated.

Additional information:

• Formulation means developing or designing a policy.
• Implementation means putting a policy into practice.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick developed POSDCORB in 1937 as part of their work on public administration.
• POSDCORB represents key functions of administration and management.
• P = Planning
• O = Organizing
• S = Staffing
• D = Directing
• CO = Coordinating
• R = Reporting
• B = Budgeting

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

• Cooperative Federalism is a system in which the national government sets broader national objectives, while the state/local governments handle the remaining responsibilities.
• It emphasizes cooperation and coordination between different levels of government.
• The federal and state governments work together to achieve common objectives.
• Responsibilities and resources are shared between the levels of government.
• It differs from dual federalism, where federal and state powers are more clearly separated.

Last verified on 13-08-2026

Explanation

Chet — 1st month of the Nanakshahi Calendar:

• Start of Sikh New Year (~March 14)
• 31 days (March 14 – April 13)
• Season: Spring
• Next month: Vaisakh

Explanation

• In accounting, an economic event occurs when a transaction is recorded.
• An economic event is a business occurrence that has a financial effect.
• It can change the company’s assets, liabilities, or owner's equity.
• Examples include sales, purchases, payments, and receipts.
• Recording the transaction allows the event to be reflected in the accounting records.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• The model that uses management, accounting, and econometrics is called a Management Science Model.
• Management science applies mathematical and analytical techniques to solve management problems.
• It uses quantitative information from areas such as management, accounting, and economics/econometrics.
• These models support planning, decision-making, and resource allocation.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• A Profitability Index (PI) of 0.9 means the project's NPV is negative, and the project should be rejected.
• The Profitability Index (PI) compares the present value of future cash inflows with the initial investment.
• PI > 1: NPV is positive → Accept the project.
• PI = 1: NPV is zero → Indifferent between accepting and rejecting.
• PI < 1: NPV is negative → Reject the project.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• Federal funds can be spent by Federal, Provincial, and Local Bodies, according to their respective constitutional and legal responsibilities.
• The Federal Government spends funds on federal subjects and national-level programs.
• Provincial Governments spend funds on subjects assigned to the provinces.
• Local Bodies spend funds on local services and development under applicable laws.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• The 18th Constitutional Amendment granted greater provincial autonomy.
• It was passed by Parliament in 2010.
• It was received presidential assent on 19 April 2010.
• The amendment abolished the Concurrent Legislative List, transferring many subjects to the provinces.
• It strengthened the role and powers of the provincial governments.

Last verified on 12-08-2026

Explanation

• Article 27 deals with non-discrimination in appointments to the service of Pakistan.
• It provides safeguards against discrimination in public service appointments.
• It mentions grounds such as race, religion, caste, sex, residence, or place of birth.

Additional information:

• Article 25: Equality of citizens.
• Article 28: Preservation of language, script, and culture.

Last verified on 12-08-2026