Explanation

• Gateway — connects networks with different protocols; performs protocol conversion (works up to the application layer).

Additional information:

• Bridge — connects networks using the same protocol (data link layer).
• Router — connects networks using the same protocol, typically IP (network layer).

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.
•  It is a digital wireless radio transmission technology
• Used in mobile phones and communication networks

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network.
• It is a set of communication standards.
• It transmits voice, video, and data simultaneously.

Last updated NA on 10-09-2026

Explanation

• Peshawar is known as the “Valley of Flowers.”
• Peshawar is the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
• It is situated in the northwest of Pakistan.
• It is close to the international border with Afghanistan.
• Languages: Pashto, Hindko, and Urdu.

Last verified on 23-08-2026

Explanation

Networks are typically classified into four main types based on distance (geographical coverage):

1. PAN (Personal Area Network) – Very short distance (e.g., Bluetooth, USB connections).
2. LAN (Local Area Network) – Limited area (e.g., home, office, or school network).
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) – City-wide coverage (e.g., ISP networks in a city).
4. WAN (Wide Area Network) – Large-scale, global reach (e.g., the Internet).

Last verified on 08-06-2026

Explanation

• Communication between a keyboard and computer is simplex.
• It means data flows in one direction only — from keyboard to computer.
• The computer does not send data back to the keyboard during typing.

Additional information:

There are 3 main data transmission modes:

1. Simplex: Data flows in one direction only (e.g., keyboard to computer).
2. Half-Duplex: Data can flow both ways, but not at the same time (e.g., walkie-talkies).
3. Full-Duplex: Data flows both ways simultaneously (e.g., telephone conversations).

Last verified on 17-06-2026

Explanation

• The phrase accustomed ended with “To” and is  followed by “ing” form of a verb.
• Accustomed to something means کسی چیز کا عادی ہونا
• I am not accustomed to being interrupted.

Last verified on 12-05-2026

Explanation

• The ozone layer acts as Earth’s natural sunscreen, protecting life from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
• UV radiation can cause skin cancer, eye damage, and harm to plants and animals.

Additional information:

• Chemical Formula: O₃ (three oxygen atoms)
• Layer Location: Stratosphere, 15–40 km above Earth
• Function: Absorbs UV-B and UV-C rays from the Sun
• Depletion Causes: Air pollution, CFCs, industrial chemicals
• Protection Measures: Reduce CFC use, ozone-friendly products

Last verified on 09-03-2026

Explanation

Bandwidth refers to the amount of data transmitted per second.

It is measured in bits per second (bps).

It indicates the speed or capacity of a network connection.

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

• NIC stands for Network Interface Card.
  • It connects a computer to a network or internet.
  • It can be wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi).
  • Every NIC has a unique MAC address.
  • It enables data communication between devices.

Last verified on 07-02-2026