Explanation

- 1 mol of any gas at STP occupies 22.4 dm³  

- 1 mol H₂ gives 1 mol H₂O → 22.4 dm³ H₂ required

Explanation

 sp³ has 25% s-character → largest  

- sp² has 33% s-character  

- sp has 50% s-character → smallest  

More s-character means smaller orbital.

Explanation

UV light or heat is required to initiate the formation of free radicals by homolytic cleavage of the halogen molecule (e.g., Cl₂ → 2Cl•).

Explanation

- Buffer reaction: NH₄⁺ + OH⁻ ⇌ NH₄OH  

- Adding H⁺ reacts with OH⁻ to form water, reducing OH⁻ concentration.  

- To restore balance, the equilibrium shifts forward to produce more OH⁻, neutralizing added H⁺.

Explanation

A basic buffer consists of a weak base and its salt.  

- NH₄OH is a weak base; NH₄Cl is its salt.  

- So, NH₄OH/NH₄Cl is a basic buffer.

Explanation

- According to the ideal gas law, at absolute zero, temperature = 0 K.  

- Pressure is proportional to temperature (P ∝ T).  

- So, pressure (P) = 0 atm at −273°C.

Explanation

- PVC is made from repeating vinyl chloride monomers (all the same type).  

- It softens on heating and can be reshaped.  

- Hence, PVC is a thermoplastic polymer.

Explanation

- l defines the shape (s, p, d, f orbitals).  

- n defines the energy level,  

- m defines orientation,  

- s defines spin.

Explanation

The final equation representing the rate of reaction in terms of concentration is known as the rate law, rate equation, or rate expression. This law typically takes the form Rate = k[A]^m[B]^n, where k is the rate constant, [A] and [B] are reactant concentrations, and m and n are reaction orders determined experimentally.

Explanation

- It involves the combination of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol with the elimination of water (a small molecule), which defines a condensation reaction.  

- It’s not substitution, elimination, or dehydrogenation.