Explanation

• Khalid ibn al-Walid (R.A) was given the title Saifullah (Sword of Allah).
• This title was awarded after the Battle of Mu'tah.
• He showed extraordinary military leadership and saved the Muslim army.
• Born in 592 AD in Mecca.
• Died in 642 AD in Homs, Syria.
• Major Caliphs served: Abu Bakr (RA), Umar (RA)

Last verified on 27-04-2026

Explanation

• Caliph Al-Ma'mun played the key role in developing Bait al-Hikmat (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad.
• It became a major center of learning, research, and translation during the Islamic Golden Age.
• Scholars from different fields worked there, especially in science, philosophy, and medicine.
• It was established during the Abbasid Caliphate period (9th century CE).

Last verified on 25-04-2026

Explanation

• A land Tax imposed on the non-Muslim cultivator and landlords was known as Kharag.
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• Kharāj (Arabic: خراج) is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its products, developed under Islamic law. 
• Kharaj was originally a property tax paid only by non-Muslims, but Muslims had to pay a "tithe".
• But finally, the term  Kharaj refers to all taxes paid to Islamic authorities.
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• The list of taxes imposed under Firoz Shah Tughlaq is as follows: Kharaj: land tax which was equal to one-tenth of the produce of the land.
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• Jizyah, historically, a tax paid by certain non-Muslim minorities to rulers in Muslim states.
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• VU FIA UDC CONSTABLE PAST PAPER 31-12-2021

Explanation

Explanation

Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453.

Explanation

Jabir ibn Hayyan, commonly known as Geber in the West, lived during the 8th century.

Explanation

Ibn Battuta visited the court of Muhammad bin Tughluq, who was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351.

Explanation

• Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari was the founder of the Habbari dynasty in Sindh.
• The Habbari dynasty was a Muslim dynasty that ruled Sindh from 854 to 1024 CE.

Explanation

• The decisive Battle of Hattin took place on July 4, 1187 CE.
• Saladin's army defeated the Christian Crusaders led by Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.

Explanation

Cordova was built by Abd al-Rahman I in 756 CE.