Explanation

• Plastic formwork: Highly flexible and smooth, making it the best choice for casting complex, intricate ornamental designs.

Additional information:

• Steel formwork: Rigid, heavy, and best for large, flat, repetitive concrete structures.
• Timber formwork: Used for basic, traditional shapes but difficult to carve into fine decorative details.
• Plywood formwork: Creates smooth, flat surfaces but cannot easily form intricate 3D architectural patterns.

Explanation

Joint venture: Two or more companies form a temporary partnership to pool resources and complete a specific job together.

Additional information

• Subcontracting: One main contractor hires another independent company to do a small part of their project
• Tendering: The process where companies submit competitive price offers (bids) to win a construction contract.
• Negotiation: Direct business discussions between an owner and a contractor to agree on project costs and terms without open bidding.

Explanation

• DPC stands for Damp Proof Course.
• It is a water-resistant layer in a building.
• It prevents moisture from rising through walls.
• It is usually provided near plinth level.

Explanation

• Catch drain: Built high up on the hill slope to intercept rainwater before it reaches the road.

Additional information 

• Side drain: Located directly at the edge of the pavement to collect water from the road surface
• Cross drain: Structures like culverts that carry water across and underneath the width of the road.
• Valley drain: Channels used to drain low points where two sloping terrains intersect.

Explanation

• Dedicated tracks: Metrobus (Bus Rapid Transit) systems run on their own separate lanes, allowing them to bypass regular road traffic.
• Time savings: This separation results in higher speeds and predictable schedules, significantly shortening commute times for passengers.