Explanation

• The first caliph to establish a naval force in the Islamic empire was Uthman ibn Affan.
• Naval Commander: Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan (later Umayyad ruler)
• Purpose: Defense against Byzantine naval attacks
• Region: Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Last verified on 13-06-2026

Explanation

• Hazrat Usman ibn Affan was titled Zun-Noorain (Having Two Lights).

He married two daughters of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH):

• Hazrat Ruqaiyya
• Hazrat Umm-e-Kulsoom

The title signifies honor of having two lights from Prophet’s family.

Last verified on 30-03-2026

Explanation

Last verified on 12-06-2026

Explanation

• During the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (628 AD / 6 AH), Hazrat Uthman (RA) was given permission to stay in Makkah.
• He was sent as an envoy of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to negotiate with Quraysh.
• His stay created a misunderstanding that he had been harmed.
• This led to the famous Bai’at al-Ridwan (Pledge of Tree).
• He was later confirmed safe, strengthening the treaty process.

Last verified on 10-06-2026

Explanation

• Uthmanic Codex refers to the standardized written form of the Quran compiled under Caliph Uthman ibn Affan.
• It was prepared to remove differences in Quranic recitation among Muslims.
• Official copies were sent to major Islamic regions.
• This helped preserve the authentic and unified text of the Quran.

Last verified on 10-06-2026