Explanation

• Data refers to a collection of raw facts and figures.
• Data can include numbers, words, symbols, or observations.
• When data is processed and organized, it becomes information.
• Example: 85, 90, 76 are raw data; their calculated average is information.

Last verified on 03-09-2026

Explanation

• Hashing is a one-way process that converts data into a fixed-length hash value.
• Encryption converts data into ciphertext that can be reversed (decrypted) using a key.
• Hashing is commonly used for password verification and data integrity.
• Encryption is used to protect confidential information during storage or transmission.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• The Network Layer (Layer 3) is responsible for logical addressing and routing.
• It uses IP addresses to identify devices across different networks.
• It determines the best path for packets from source to destination.
• Routers primarily operate at this layer.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

Explanation

• Email stands for Electronic Mail.
• It is a method of sending and receiving digital messages through the internet.
• The term electronic mail has been used with its modern meaning since 1975.
• The shorter form E-mail became common around 1979.

Additional information:

Parts of a valid email address:

1. Email Prefix
2. Email Domain

Address: example@mail.com

1. example = Email Prefix
2. mail.com = Email Domain

Last verified on 16-06-2026