Regarding cardiac output?
- It is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
- It depends more on heart rate than stroke volume in all conditions
- It decreases when lying down
- It decreases during sympathetic stimulation
Explanation
Definition: Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart per minute.
Formula: Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume.
Physiological role: It determines how much oxygen and nutrients are delivered to body tissues.
Effect of activity: Cardiac output increases during exercise or sympathetic stimulation.
Clinical importance: Reduced cardiac output can lead to shock, dizziness, and organ dysfunction.
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