Explanation

• The War of Independence of 1857 ended in the defeat of the Indian resistance against British rule.
• Muslims faced severe political and economic consequences after the war.
• However, it contributed to a new Muslim political and educational awakening.
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan played a major role in promoting modern education among Muslims.

Last verified on 12-03-2026

Explanation

• The Durand Line was drawn in 1893.
• It was established as the official border between British India and Afghanistan.
• British representative: Sir Mortimer Durand
• Afghan ruler: Amir Abdur Rahman Khan
• It later became the international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• Length: Around 2,640 km

Last verified on 09-06-2026

Explanation

• The Indian Councils Act 1909, also called the Morley-Minto Reforms, introduced separate electorates for Muslims.

Additional information:

• Date of introduction: 12 March 1909
• Total members in Central Legislative Council: 60
• Muslim reserved seats: 5
• 27 members were to be elected from different constituencies.
• Nehru Report (28 August 1928) rejected the demand for separate electorate.

Last verified on 07-03-2026

Explanation

• Main aim: Protect and restore the Ottoman Caliphate.
• Started: 1919
• Ended: 1924, after the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate.
• Major leaders: Ali Brothers, Abul Kalam Azad, and others.
• Major ally: Mahatma Gandhi supported the movement and linked it with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

• Khaksar Movement was established by Allama Inayatullah Mashraqi in 1931.
• It was a social movement based in Lahore, Punjab, British India.
• The movement aimed to free India from British rule.
• Allama Mashriqi disbanded the Khaksar Tehrik on July 4, 1947.

Last verified on 01-09-2026