Explanation

Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser to a rarer medium, and the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.

At this point, light is completely reflected back into the denser medium.

Explanation

1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 4184 joules, commonly used in food energy.

1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 joules, so 1000 cal = 4184 J.

Explanation

Electrons are elementary particles, meaning they are not composed of smaller components.

Hence, they are considered one of the most refined and fundamental forms of matter.

Explanation

The maximum kinetic energy (K.E.) of photoelectrons depends on the frequency of the incident light, not its intensity. 

According to Einstein's photoelectric equation:

K.E. = hf - φ

where hf is the energy of the photon, which depends on its frequency (f).

Explanation

The Carnot cycle is best represented on a Pressure-Volume (P-V) graph.

It consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes, clearly shown in the P-V diagram.